ဇာတက-အဋ္ဌကထာ (ဒု)

[1] " Rough to the roiigh" etc. — This story the Master told whilst he was living in Jetavana, to explain how a king was taught a lesson. This will be set forth in the Tesakuiia Birth '^. It is said that one day the king of Kosala had just passed sentence in a very difficult case involving moral wrong^. After his meal, with hands not yet dry, he proceeded in his splendid chariot to visit the Master and the king saluted; him, his feet beautiful like the open lotus flower, and sat down aside. Then the Master addressed him in these words. "Why, my lord king, what brings you here at this time of day " " Sir," said he, " I missed 'I time my because I was sitting on a difficult case, involving moi'al wrong now I have ; finished it, and eaten, and here I am, with my hands hardly dry, to wait upon you." "My lord king," replied the Master, "to judge a cause with justice and impartiality is the right thing that is the way to heaven. ; Now when you first have the advice of a being all-wise like me, it is no wonder if you should judge your case fairly and justly but the wonder is when kings have only had the advice ; of scholars who are not all-wise, and yet have decided fairly and justly, avoiding the Four Ways of Wickedness, and observing the Ten Royal Virtues, and after ruling justly have gone to swell the hosts of heaven." Then, at the king's request, he told a storv of the olden time. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the [2] Bodhisatta was conceived by his Queen Consort and the ceremonies ; proper to her state having been duly done*, she was afterwards safely 1 Fausb^ll, Ten J., pp. 1 and 57; Rhys Davids, Buddhist Birth Stories, p. xxii. A similar contest of two minstrels occuis in the Kalevala (Crawford's translation, i. p. 30). The young drives fiercely into the old, who says — 'Thou shouldst give me all the highway, for I am the older.' What matters that ? says the other let the ' ' ; ' least wise give place.' There they stand and each sings his legends by way of deciding the matter. ^ No. 521. 2 Reading, with Childers (Bict. p. 613), agatigatam. * Lit. "protection to the embryo ; " doubtless some magical rite. y^ J. II. The Jataka. Book II. delivered. On his name-day, the name they gave him was Prince Brahmadatta. In course of time, he grew up, and at sixteen years went to Takkasila' for his education ; where he mastered all bi'anches of learning, and on his father's death he became king in his stead, and ruled with uprightness and all rectitude, administering justice with no regard had to his own will or whim. And as he ruled thus justly, his ministers on their part were also just ; thus, while all things were justly done, there was none who brought a false suit into court. Presently all the bustle of suitors ceased within the ]>reciiicts of the palace ; all day long the ministers might sit on the bench, and go away without seeing a single suitor. The courts were deserted. Then the Bodhisatta thought to himself, "Because of my just government not one suitor comes to try issue in court the old hubbub is quiet ; the courts of law are deserted. Now I must search whether I have any fault in me ; which if I find, I will eschew it, and live a good life hereafter." From that time he tried continually to find some one who would tell him of a fault but of all who were about him at court he could not ; find one such ; nothing could he hear but good of himself. " Perhaps," thought he, " they are all so much afraid of me that they say no ill of me but only good," and so he went about to try those who were outside his walls. But with these it was just the same. Then he made inquisition of the citizens at large, and outside the city questioned those who belonged to the suburbs at the four city gates. Still there was none who had any fixult to find : nothing but praises could he hear. Lastly, with intent to try the country side, he entrusted all government to his ministers, and mounted in his carriage, and taking only the driver with him, left the city in disguise. All the country he traversed, even to the frontier ; [3] but not a faultfinder could he light upon ; all he could hear was only his own praises. So back he turned from the marches, and set his face homewards again l»y the highroad. Now it fortuned that at this very time Mallika, the king of Kosala, had done the very same thing. He too was a just king, and he had been searching for his faults ; but amongst those about him there was none who had any and heaiing nothing but praise, he had been fault to find ; making enquiry throughout all the country, and had but then arrived at that same spot. These two met, in a place where the carriage-road was deeply sunk between two banks, and there was no room for one carriage to pass another. ' The great University town of India ; it was in the Punjab (Td^iXa). No. 151. 3 " Get your cairiage out of the way ! " said king Mallika's driver to the driver of the king of Benares. " No, no, driver," said he, " out of the way with yours ! Know that in this carriage sits tlie great monarch Brahmadatta, lord of the kingdom of ! Benares "Not so, driver!" replied the other, "in this carriage sits the great king Mallika, lord of the i*ealm of Kosala It is for you to make way, and ! " to give place to the carriage of our king ! " Why, here's a king too," thought the driver of the king of Benares. " What in the world is to be done ] " Then a thought struck him ; he would enquire what should be the age of the two kings, so that the younger should give way to the elder. And he made enquiry of the other driver how old his king was ; but he learnt that both were of the same age. Thereupon he asked the extent of this king's power, wealth, and glory, and all points touching his caste and clan and his family discovering that both of them had a country three hundred leagues long, and tliat they were alike in power, wealth, glory, and the nature of their family and lineage. Then he bethought him that place might be given to the better man ; so he requested that the other driver should describe his master's virtues. The man replied by the tirst verse of poetry following, in which he set forth his monarch's faults as though they were so many virtues : " Rough to the rough, king Mallika the mild with mildness sways. Masters the good by goodness, and the bad with badness pays. such are this monarch's ways ! Give place, give place, driver ! [4]"Oh," said the man of the king of Benares, "is that all you have to say about your king's virtues?" "Yes," said the other. " If these are — his virtues, what must his vices be " "Vices be it, then," quoth he, "if ! you will ; but let us hear what your king's virtues may be like ! " " Listen then," rejoined the first, and repeated the second verse : " He conquers wrath by mildness, the bad with goodness sways. By gifts the miser vanquishes and lies with truth repays. Give place, give place, O driver! such are this monarch's waysM" At these words both king Mallika and his driver descended from their carriage, and loosed the horses, and moved it out of the way, to give place to the king of Benares. Then the king of Benares gave good admonition to king Mallika, saying, "Thus and thus [5] must you do;" after which he retui-ned to Benares, and there gave alms and did good all his life, till at the last he went to swell the hosts of heaven. And king Mallika took the lesson to heart; and after traversing the length and breadth of the ' Dhammapada, verse 223. land, and lighting upon none who had any fault to find, returned to his own city ; where he gave alms all his life and did good, till at the end he too went to swell the hosts of heaven. When the Master had ended this discourse, which he began iov the purpose of giving a lesson to the king of Kosala, he identified the Birth "JMoggallana was : then the driver of king Mallika, Ananda was the king, Silriputta was the driver of the king of Benares, but I myself was the king."

" Who rashly undertakes" etc. — This story the Master told while staying in his gabled chamber, about a barber who lived at Vesali. This man, as we are told, \ised to do shaving and hairdressing and cross-plaiting for the royal household, kings and queens, princes and princesses, indeed he did all of that kind that had to be done. He was a true believer, sheltered in the Three Refuges^, resolved to keep the Five Precepts; and from time to time he would listen to the Master's discoursing. One day he set out to do his work in the palace, taking his son with him. The young fellow, seeing a Licchavi girl drest up fine and grand, like a nymph, fell in love for desire of her. He said to his father, as they left the palace in company, "There is a girl if I get her, I shall live; but if I don't, there's nothing but death for me." He would not touch a morsel of food, but lay down hugging the bedstead. His father found him and said, " Why, son, don't set your mind on forbidden fruit. You are a nobody a barber's son this Licchavi ; gii'l is a highborn lady. You're no match for her. I'll find you somebody else ; a girl of your own place and station." But the lad woiild not listen to him. Then came mother, brother, and sister, aunt and imcle, all his kinsfolk, and all his friends and companions, trying to pacify him ;but pacify him they could not. So he pined and pined away, and lay there until he died. Then the father performed his obsequies, and did what is usual to do for the spirits of the dead. [6] By and by, when the first edge of grief had worn oflP, he thought he woidd wait upon the Master. Taking a large present of flowers, scents, and perfumes, he repaired to ]\Iahavana, and did reverence to the Master, saluted him, and sat down on one side. "Why have you kept out of sight all this time, layman ? " the Master asked. Then the man told him what had happened. Said the Master, "Ah, layman, 'tis not the first time he has perished by setting his heart on what he must not have this is only what he has done ; before." Then at the layman's request, he told a story of the olden time. ' Buddha, the Law, and the Order of Brethren. No. 152. 5 Once upon a time, while Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta came into the world as a young Lion in the region of Himalaya. Of the same family there were some younger brothers, and one sister and ; allof them li\ ed in a Golden Cave. Now hard by this cave was a Cave of Crystal on a silver hill, where a Jackal lived. By and by the Lions lost their parents by the stroke of death. Then they used to leave the Lioness, their sister, behind in the cave, while they ranged for food ; which when they obtained, they would bring it back for her to eat. Now the Jackal had caught sight of this Lioness, and fell in love with her; but while the old Lion and Lioness lived, he could win no access. Now, when the seven brothers went to seek food, out he came from his made all haste to the Golden Cave where, taking his Crystal Cave, and ; stand before the young Lioness, he addressed her slily with these seductive and tempting words : " O Lioness, I am a fourfoot creature, and so are you. Therefore do you be my mate, and I will be your husband ! We will live together in friendship and amity, and you shall love me always ! Now on hearing this the Lioness thought to herself, " This Jackal here is mean amongst beasts, vile, and like a man of low caste but I am : esteemed to be one of royal issue. That he to me should so speak is unseemly and evil. How can I live after hearing such things said ? I will hold my breath until I shall die." — Then, bethinking her awhile, "Nay," quoth she, "to die so would not be comely. My brothers will tell them first, and then I will put an soon be home again ; I will [7] end to myself." The Jackal, finding that no answer came, felt sure she cared nothing for him ; so back he went to his Crystal Cave, and lay down in much misery. Now one of the young Lions, having killed a buffalo, or an elephant, or what not, himself ate some of it, and brought back a share for his sister, which he gave her, inviting her to eat. " No, brother," says she, " not a bite will I eat ; for I must die ! " " Why must that be " 1 he asked. And she told him what had happened, " Where is this Jackal now ? " he asked. She saw him lying in the Crystal Cave, and thinking he was up in the sky\ she said, "Why, brother, cannot you see him there on Silver Mountain, lying up in the sky ? " The young Lion, unaware that the Jackal lay in a Crystal Cave, and deeming that he was truly in the sky, made a spring, as lions do, to kill him, and struck against the crystal : which burst his heart asunder, and falling to the foot of the mountain, he perished straightway. 1 i.e. because of the transparency. The Jataka. Book II. Then came in another, to whom the Lioness told the same tale. This Lion did even as the first, and fell dead by the mountain foot. When six of the brother Lions had perished in this way, last of all entered the Bodhisatta.When she had told her story, he enquired where was the Jackal now? "There he is," said she, "up in the sky, above Silver Mountain " — The Bodhisatta thought " Jackals lying in the sky ? ! nonsense. I know what it is he is lying in a Crystal Cave." So he : repaired to the mountain's foot, and there he saw his six brothers lying dead. "I see how it is," thought he; "these were all foolish, and lacked the fulness of wisdom not knowing that this is the Crystal Cave, they ; beat their hearts out against it, and were killed. This is what comes ; of acting in rashness without due reflection " and he repeated the first stanza : "Who rashly undertakes an enterprise, Not counting all the issue may arise. Like one who biu-ns his mouth in eating food Falls victim to the plans he did devise." [8] After repeating these lines, the Lion continued " My brothers : wanted to kill this Jackal, but knew not how to lay their plans cleverly ; so they leapt up too quickly at him, and so came by their death. This I will not do ; but I will make the Jackal burst his own heart as he lies there in the Crystal Cave." So he espied out the path whereby the Jackal used to go up and down, and turning that way he roared thrice the lions' roar, that earth and heaven together were all one great roaring ! The Jackal lying in the Crystal Cave was frightened and astounded, so that his heart burst ; and he perished on the spot incontinently. The Master continued, "Thus did this Jackal perish on hearing the Lion roar." And becoming perfectly enlightened, he repeated the second stanza: — On Daddara the Lion gave a roar, And made Mount Daddara resound again. Hard by a Jackal lived he feared full sore ; To hear the sound, and burst his heart in twain. [9] Thus did our Lion do this Jackal to death. Then he laid his brothers together in one grave, and told the sister they were dead, and comforted her and he lived the rest of his days in the Golden Cave, until ; he passed away to the ])lace which his merits had earned for him. When the IVfaster had ended this disconrse, he revealed the Trnths, and identified the Birth — at the conchision of the Truths, the layman was esta- : blished in the Fruit of the First Path " The barber's son of to-day was then : the Jackal the Licchavi girl was the young Lioness the six younger Lions are ; ; now six Elders and I myself am the eldest Lion." ;

SUKARA-JATAKA\ "Fou are a fonrfoot" etc. This is a story told by the Master while at Jetavana, about a certain Elder well stricken in years. Once, we are told, there happened to lie a night service, and the ]\Lister had preached standing upon a slab of the jewelled staircase at the door of his scented cell. After delivering the discourse of the Blessed, he retired into his scented chamber; and the Captain of the Faith, saluting his Master, went back to his own cell again. ]\Laham(iggallana to(i retired to his cell, and after a moment's rest returned to ask the Elder Sariputta a question. As he asked and asked each question, the Captain of the Faith made it all clear, as though he were making the moon rise in the sky. There were pi-esent the four classes of disciples-, who sat and heard it all. Then a thouglit came into the mind of one aged Elder. " Suppose," he thought, " I can puzzle Sariputta before all this crowd, by asking him some question 1 They will all think. What a clever fellow ! and I shall gain great credit and repute." So he rose up in the crowd, and stepping near to the Elder, stood on one side, and said, " Friend Sfiriputta, I too have a question for you; will you let me speak? Give me a decision in discrimination or in undiscrimination, in refutation or in acceptation, in distinction or in counter-distinction^." The Elder looked at him. "This old man," thought he, " stands within the sphere of desire still he is empty, and knows ; nothing." He said not a single word to him for very shame laying his fan ; down, he rose from his seat, [10] and returned to his cell. And Elder Moggallana likewise returned to his cell. The bystanders jumped up, crying, "Seize this wicked old fellow, who wouldn't let us hear the sweet words of the sermon !" and they mobbed him. Off he ran, and fell through a hole in the corner of a cesspool just outside the monastery when he got up he was all over filth. ; When the people saw him, they felt sorry for it, and went away to the Master. He asked, "Why have you come at this unseasonable hour, laymen 1" They told him what had happened. " Laymen," said he, " this is not the only time this old man has lieen puffed up, and not knowing his own power, pitted himself against the strong, only to be covered all over with filth. Long, long ago he knew not his powei's, pitted himself against the strong, and was covered with filth as he is covered now." Then, at their request, he told them a story of the olden time. Fausbfll, Ten Jutakas, pp. 12, G3, 94 (he compares Nos. 278 and 48-4) ; E. Morria in Contemp. Rev. 1881, vol. 39, p. 737. 2 Monks, nuns, laymen and lay sisters. ^ These words appear to be nonsense. The Jataka. Booh II. Once upon a time, when Brahniadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta was a Lion who dwelt in a mountain cave in the Himalayas. Hard by were a multitude of Boars, living by a lakeside and beside the ; same lake lived a company of anchorites in huts made of leaves and the branches of trees. One day it so happened that the Lion had brought down a buffalo or elephant or some such game ; and, after eating what he listed, he went down to drink at this lake. Just as he came out, a sturdy Boar happened to be feeding by the side of the water. "He'll make a meal for me some other day," thought the Lion. But fearing that if tlie Boar saw him, he might never come there again, the Lion as he came up out of the water slunk away to the side. This the Boar saw ; and at once the thought came into his mind, — " This is because he has seen me, and is afraid ! He dare not come nigh me, and off he runs for fear ! This day shall see a fight between me and a lion ! " So he raised his head, and made challenge against the Lion in the first stanza : " You are a fourfoot — so am I thus, friend, we're both alike, you see : ; Turn, Lion, turn; are you afraid? Why do you run away from me?" [11] The Lion gave ear. " Priend Boar," he said, "to-day there will be no fight between you and me. But this day week let us fight it out in this very spot." And with these words, he departed. The Boar was highly delighted in thinking how he was to fight a lion and he told all his kith and kin about it. But the tale only terrified them. " You will be the bane of us all," they said, " and yourself to boot. You know not what you can do, or you would not be so eager to do battle with a lion. When the Lion comes, he'll be the death of you and all of us as well ; do not be so violent ! " These words made the Boar fear on his part. " What am I to do, then ? " he asked. Then the other Boars advised him to roll about in the anchorites" dunghill for the next seven days, and let the muck dry on his body ; then on the seventh day he should moisten himself with dewdro])S, and be first at the trysting place ; he must find how the wind should lie, and get to the windward and tlie ; Lion, being a cleanly creature, would spare his life when he had a whiff of him. So accordingly he did ; and on the day appointed, tliere he was. No sooner had the Lion scented him, and smelt the filth, says he, " Friend Boar, a pretty trick this Were you not all besmeared with filth, I ! should have had your life this very day. But as it is, bite you I cannot, nor so much as touch you with my foot. Therefore I spare your life." And then he repeated the second stanza : "0 dirty Boar, yotir hide is foul, the stench is horrible to me; If you would tight I yield me quite, and own you have the victory." Then the Lion turned away, and procured his day's food ; and anon, after a drink at the lake, he went back again to his cave on the mountain. And the Boar told his kindred how he had beaten the Lion! [12] But they were terrified for fear the Lion should come again another day and be the death of them all. So they ran away and betook them to some other place. When the Master had ended this discourse, he identified the Birth : " The Boar of those days is now the ancient Elder, and I myself was the Lion."

^^ Concealed within a stone" etc—Thm story the Master told at Jetavaua, about a soldiers' quarrel. Tradition tells how two soldiers, in the service of the king of Kosala, of high rank, and great persons at court, no sooner caught sight of one another than they used to fall at ill words. Neither king, nor friends, nor kinsfolk could make them agree. It happened one day that early in the morning the Master, looking around to see which of his friends were ripe for Release, perceived that these two were ready to enter upon the First Path. Next day he went all alone seeking alms in Savatthi, and stopt before the door of one of them, who came out and took the Master's bowl then led him within, and offered him a seat. The Master sat, ; and then enlarged on the profit of cultivating Lovingkindness. When he saw the man's mind was ready, he declared the Truths. This done, the other was established in the Fruit of the P'irst Path. Seeing this, the Master persuaded him to take the Bowl then rising he proceeded to the house of the other. ; Out came the other, and after salutation given, begged the Master to enter, and gave him a seat. He also took the Master's bowl, and entered along with him. To him the Master lauded the Eleven Blessings of Lovingkindness and perceiving that ; his heart was ready, declared the Truths. And this done, he too became established in the Fruit of the First Path. Thus they were both converted they confessed their faults one to the other, ; and asked forgiveness; peaceful and harmonious, they were at one together. That very same day they ate together in the presence of the Blessed One. His meal over, the Master returned to the monastery. They both returned with him, bearing a rich present of flowers, scents and perfumes, of ghee, honey, and sugar. The Master, having preached of duty [13] before the Brotherhood, and uttered a Buddha's admonition, retired to his scented chamber. Next morning, the Brethren talked the matter over in the Hall of Truth. "Friend," one would say to another, "our Master subdues the unsubdued. 10 The Jcltaka. Book II. Why, here are these two grand persons, who have been qiiarreUing all this time, and could not be reconciled by the king himself, or friends and kinsfolk and the Master has humbled them in a single day!" The Master came in. "What are you talking about," asked he, "as you sit here together?" They told him. Said he, " Brethren, this is not the first time that I have reconciled these two iu bygone ages I reconciled the same two persons." And he told a ; story of the olden time. Once on a time, while Brahmadatta was king of Benares, a great multitude gathered together in Benai'es to keep festival. Crowds of men and of gods, of serpents, and garu]as\ came together to see the meeting. It so happened that in one spot a Serpent and a Garula were watching the goings-on together. The Serpent, not noticing that this was a Garula hand on his shoulder. And when the Garula turned beside him, laid a and looked round to see whose hand had been laid upon his shoulder, he saw the Serpent. The Serpent looked too, and saw that this was a Garuja; and frightened to death, he flew oft' over the surface of a river. The Garula gave chase, to catch him. Kow the Bodhisatta was a recluse, and lived in a leaf- hut on the river bank. At that time he was trying to keep oft' tiie sun's heat by putting on a wet cloth and dofting his garment of bark ; and he was bathing in the river. " I will make this recluse," thought the Serpent, " the means of saving my life." Putting off" his own proper sha])e, and assuming the form of a ftne jewel, he ftxed himself upon the bark garment. The Garula in full pursuit saw where he had gone ; but for very reverence he would not touch the garment ; so he thus addressed the Bodhisatta "Sir, I am hungry. — Look at your bark garment: in it there is a serpent wiiich I desire to eat." And to make the matter clear, he repeated the first stanza : [14] "Concealed within a stone this wretched snake Has taken harbourage for safety's sake. And yet, in reverence of your holiness. Though I am hungry, yet I will not take." Standing where he was in the water, the Bodhisatta said the second stanza iu pi'aise of the Garula king : " Live long, preserved by Brahma, though pursued, And may you never lack for heavenly food. Do not, in reverence of my holiness. Do not devour him, though in hungry mood." In these words the Bodhisatta expressed his approval, standing there in the water. Then he came out, and put on his bark garment, and took 1 A mythical binl, which we see is able to assume human form. Morris (J. P. T. S., 1893, p. 26) concludes that the nupanna, here translated Garula, was a " winged man." No. 154. 11 both creatures with him to his hermitage where he rehearsed the blessings ; of Lovingkiiidness until they were both at one. Thenceforward they lived together happily in peace and harmony. When the Master had ended this discourse, he ideutitied the Birth, saying, " In those days, the two great personages were the Serpent and the Garula, and I myself was the recluse."

[15] — Gagga, live an kwndred years" etc. This story the Master told when ''• he was staying in the monastery made by King Pasenadi in front of Jetavana it was about a sneeze which he gave. One day, we are told, as the IMastci' sat discoursing with four persons round him, he sneezed. "Long life to the Blessed One, long life to the Buddha!" the Brothers all cried aloud, and made a great to-do. The noise interrupted the discourse. Then the Master said to the Brethren "Why, Brothers, if one cry 'Long life!' on hearing a sneeze, does a man live or die any the more for that?" They answered, " No, no. Sir." He went on, " You should not cry Long life for a sneeze, Brethren. Whosoever does so is guilty ' ' of sin." It is said that at that time, when the Brethren sneezed, [)eople used to call out, "Long life to you, Sir!" But the Brethren had their scruples, and made no answer. Everybody was annoyed, and asked, " Pray, why is it that the priests about Buddha the Sakya prince make no answer, when they sneeze, and somebody or other wishes them long life ? All this was told to the Blessed One. He said " Brethren, common folk are : superstitious. When you sneeze, and they say, Long life to ycni. Sir I permit ' ! you to answer, 'The same to you'." Then the Brethren asked him "Sir, when — ' did people begin to answer Long life by The same to you '?" Said the Master, ' ' ' " That was long, long ago ;" and he told them a tale of the olden time. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta came into the world as a brahmin's son of the kingdom of Kasi ; and his father was a lawyer by calling. When the lad was sixteen years old or so, his father gave a fine jewel into his charge, and they both 1 The introductory story is repeated in the CuUavagga, v. 33 (iii. 153 of Rhys Davids' translation of Vinaya Texts in the S. B. E.). 12 The Jataka. Book II. travelled through town after town, village after village, until they came to Benares. There the man had a meal cooked in the gatekeeper's house and as he could find nowhere to put up, he asked where there was lodging to be had for wayfarers who came too late ? The people told him that there was a building outside the city, but that it was haunted ; but however he might lodge there if he liked. Says the lad to his father, " Have no fear of any goblin, father ! I will subdue him, and bring him to your feet." [16] So he persuaded and they went to the place together. his father, The father lay down upon a bench, and his pon sat beside him, chafing his feet. Now the Goblin that haunted the place had received it for twelve years' service of Vessavana\ on these terms that if any man who entered : it should sneeze, and when long life was wished him, should answer, " Long life to you ! " or " The — same to you " all except tliese the Goblin ! had a right to eat. The Goblin lived upon the central rafter of the hut^. He determined to make the father of the Bodhisatta sneeze. Accordingly, by his magic power he raised a cloud of tine dust, which entered the man's nostrils ; and as he lay on the bench, he sneezed. The son did not cry " Long life ! " and down came the Goblin from his perch, ready to devour his victim. But the Bodhisatta saw him descend, and then these thoughts passed through his mind. Doubtless it is he who made my '* father sneeze. This must be a Goblin that eats all who do not say Long ' life to you '." And addressing his father, he repeated the first verse as follows : " Gagga, live an hundred years, aye, and twenty more, I pray May no goblin eat you up; live an hundred years, I say!" The Goblin thought, " This one I cannot eat, because he said Long ' life to you.' But I shall eat his father " and he came close to the ; father. But the man diviued the truth of tlic matter " This must be a — Goblin," thought he, " who eats all who do not reply, Long life to you, ' too ! ' " and so addressing his son, he repeated the second verse : "You too live an hundred years, — aye, and twenty more, I pray; ! Poison be the goblins' food ; live an hundred years, I say The Goblin hearing these words, turned away, thinking "Neither [17] of these is forme to eat." But the Bodhisatta put a question to him : " " Come, Goblin, how is it you eat the people who enter this building 1 " I earned the right for twelve years' service of Vessavana." " What, are you allowed to eat everybody 1 1 A monster with white skin, three legs, aud eight teeth, guardian of jewels aud the precious metals, and a kind of Indian Pluto. ^ See Eggeling, (,^'atap.-Bralim. vol. 2, p. 3, >S'. B. E., for the construction of the hut. " All except those who say The same to you when another wishes ' ' them long life." "Goblin," said the lad, "you have done some wickedness in former lives,which has caused you to be born now fierce, and cruel, and a bane to others. If you do the same kind of thing now, you will pass from darkness to dai'kness. Therefoi-e from this time forth abstain from such things as taking life." With these words he humbled the Goblin, scared him with fear of hell, e.stablished him in the Five Precepts, and made him as obedient as an errand-boy. Next day, when the people came and saw the Goblin, and learnt how that the Bodhisatta had subdued him, they went and told the king : " My lord, some man has subdued the Goblin, and made him as obedient as an eri-and-boy ! " So the king sent for him, and raised him to be Commanderin-Chief ; while he heaped honours upon the father. Having made the Goblin a tax-gatherer, and established him in the Bodhisatta's precepts, after giving alms and doing good he departed to swell the hosts of heaven. "When the Master had ended this story, which he told to explain when the custom first arose of answering Long life by The same to you,' he identified ' ' ' the Birth: "In those days, Ananda was the king, Kassapa the fl^ther, and I myself was the lad his son."

''Prince Winheart once upon a time,^^ etc. — This story the Master told at Jetavana, about a fointhearted Brother. The circumstances will be set forth in the Samvara Birth in the eleventh Booki. When the Master asked this Brother if he really were fainthearted, as was said, he replied, [18] " Yes, Blessed One." To which the Master said, " What, Brother in former days did you not ! gain supremacy over the kingdom of Benares, twelve leagues either way, and give it to a baby boy, like a lump of flesh and nothing more, and all this just ]>y perseverance! And now that you have embraced this great salvation, are you to lose heart and faint?" And he told a story of olden days. 1 No. 462. 14 The Jdtaka. Booh II. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was king of Benares, there was a viUage of carpenters not far from the city, in whicli five hundred carpenters lived. They would go up the river in a vessel, and enter the forest, where they would shape beams and planks for housebuilding, and put together the framework of one-storey or two-storey houses, numbering all the pieces from the mainpost onwards ; these then they brought down to the river bank, and put them all aboard ; then rowing down stream rtwain, they would build houses to order as it was required of them after which, when they received their wage, they went back again for more materials for the building, and in this way they made their livelihood. Once it befel that in a place where they were at work in shaping timbers, a certain Elephant trod upon a splinter of acacia wood, which pierced his foot, and caused it to swell up and fester, and he was in great pain. In his agony, he caught the sound of these carpentei's cutting wood. "There are some carpenters will cure me," thought he; and limping on three feet, he presented himself before them, and lay down close by. The carpenters, noticing his swollen foot, went up and looked ; there was the splinter sticking in it. With a sharp tool they made incision about the splintei-, and tying a string to it, pulled it right out. Then they lanced the gathering, and washed it with wai*m water, and doctored it properly and in a very short time the wound was healed. ; Grateful for this cure, the Elephant thought : " My life has been saved by the help of these carpentei's ; now I must make myself useful to them." So ever after that, [19] he used to pull up trees for them, or when they were chopping he would roll up the logs or bring them their ; adzes and any tools they might want, holding everything in his trunk like grim death. And the carpenters, when it was time to feed him, used to bring him each a portion of food, so that he had five hundred portions in all. Now this Elephant had a young one, white all over, a magnificent highbred creature. The Elephant reflected that he was now old, and he had better bring his young one to serve the carpenters, and himself be left free to go. So without a word to the carpentei's he went off into the wood, and brought his son to them, saying, " This young Elephant is a son of mine. You saved my life, and I give him to you as a fee for your leechcraft from henceforward he shall work for you." So he explained to the young Elephant that it was his duty to do tlie work which he had lieen used to do himself, and then went away into the forest, leaving him with the carpenters. So after that time the young Elephant did all their work, and obediently and they fed him, as they had fed the other, faitlifiilly ; with five hundred portions for a meal. His work once done, the Elephant would go play about in the river, and then retui-n again. The carpenters' children iised to pull him by the trunk, and play all sorts ofpranks with him in water and out. Now noble creatui'es, be they elephants, horses, or men, never dung or stale in the water'. 80 this Elephant did nothing of the kind when he was in the water, but waited until he came out upon the bank. One day, rain had fallen uj) river and l)y the flood a half-dry cake ; of his dung was carried into the river. This floated down to the Benares landing place, where it stuck fast in a bush. Just then the king's elephant keepers had brought down five hundred elejihants to give them a bath. But the creatures scented this soil of a noble animal, and not one would enter the water up went their tails, and off they all ran. The ; keepers told this to the elephant trainei-s ; who replied, " There must be something in the water, then." So orders were given to cleanse the water; [20] and there in the bu.shes this lump was seen. "That's what the matter is " cried the men. ! So they brought a jar, and filled it with water ; next powdering the stuff into it, they sprinkled the water over the elephants, whose bodies then became sweet. At once they went down into the river and bathed. When the trainers made their report to the king, they advised him to secure the Elephant for his own use and profit. The king accordingly eml)arked upon a raft, and rowed up stream until he arrived at the place where the carpenters had settled. The young Elephant, hearing the sound of drums as he was playing in the water, came out and presented himself before the carpenters, who one and all came forth to do honour to the king's coming, and said to him, " Sire, if woodwork is wanted, what need to come here 1 Why not send and have " it brought to you 1 " No, no, good friends," the king answered, " 'tis not for wood that I come, but for this elephant here." " He is yours. Sire ! " — But the Elephant refused to budge. " What do you want me to do, gossip Elephant 1 " asked the king. " Order the carpenters to be paid for what they have spent on me, Sire." "Willingly, friend." And the king ordered an hundred thousand pieces of money to be laid by his tail, and trunk, and by each of his four feet. But this was not enough for the Elephant ; go he would not. So to each of the carpenteis was given a pair of cloths, and to each of their wives robes to dress in, nor did he omit to give enough whereby his playmates the children should be brought up then with a last look upon ; the carjienters, and the women, and the children, he departed in company with the kinsr. Compare Hesiod, OiJ. 753 /X7)S^ wot iv irpoxorj iroraixwv aXaSe irpopebi'Twi', /j-tjS' 4vi : Kfyqvdwi' ovpdv. Hdt. i. 138 (the Persians) is iroraixov 5k oCre ivovpiovcri.... 16 The Jdtaha. Book II. To his capital city the king brought him ; and city and stable were decked out with all magnificence. He led the Elephant round the city in solemn procession, and thence into his stable, which was fitted up with splendour and pomp. There he solemnly sprinkled the Elephant, and appointed him for his own riding; like a comrade he treated him, and gave him the half of his kingdom, [21] taking as much care of him as he did of himself. After the coming of this Elephant, the king won supremacy over all India. In course of time the Bodhisatta was conceived by the Queen Consoi't and when her time was near come to be delivered, the king died. Now if the Elephant learnt news of the king's death, he was sure to break his heart ; so he was waited upon as before, and not a word said. But the next neighbour, the king of Kosala, heard of the king's death. " Surely the land is at my mercy," thought he ; and marched with a mighty host to the city, and beleaguered it. Straight the gates were closed, and a message was sent to the king of Kosala : — " Our Queen is near the time of her delivery ; and the astrologers have declared that in seven days she shall bear a son. If she bears a son, we will not yield the kingdom, but on the seventh day we will give yon battle. For so long we pray you wait " ! And to this the king agreed. In seven days the Queen bore a son. On his name-day they called him Prince Winheart, because, said they, he was born to win the hearts of the people. On the very same day that he was born, the townsfolk began to do battle with the king of Kosala. But as they had no leader, little by little the army gave way, great though it was. The courtiers told this news to the Queen, adding, " Since our army loses ground in this way, we fear defeat. But the state Elephant, our king's bosom friend, has never been told that the king is dead, and a son born to him, and that the king of Kosala is hei-e to give us battle. Shall we tell him ? "Yes, do so," said the Queen. So she dressed up her son, and laid him in a fine linen cloth after which she with all the court came down ; from the palace and entered the Elephant's stable. There she laid the babe at the Elephant's feet, [22] saying, " Master, your comrade is dead, but we feared to tell it you lest you might break your heart. This is your comrade's son ; the king of Kosala has run a leaguer about the city, and is making war iipon your son ; the army is losing ground ; either kill your son yourself, or else win the kingdom back for him ! At once the Elephant stroked the child with his trunk, and lifted him upon his own head then making moan and lamentation he took him down ; and laid him in his mother's arms, and with the words " I will master the king of Kosala " he went forth hastily. ! Then the courtiers put his armour and caparison upon him, and No. 156. 17 ixnlocked the city gate, and escorted him thither. The Elephant emerging trumpeted, and frightened all the host so that they ran away, and broke up the camp then seizing the king of Kosala by his topknot, he carried ; him to the young prince, at whose feet he let him fall. Some rose to kill him, bvit them the Elephant stayed and he let the captive king go with ; this advice " Be careful for the future, and be not presumptuous by : reason that our Prince is young." After that, the i)0wer over all India fell into the Bodhisatta's own The Bodhisatta was hand, and not a foe was able to rise up against him. consecrated at the age of seven years, as King Winheart just was his ; reign, and when he came to life's end he went to swell the hosts of heaven. When the Master had ended this discourse, having become perfectly enlightened, he repeated this couple of verses : "Prince Winheart took king Kosala, ill pleased with all he had; By capturing the greedy king, he made his people glad." "So any brother, strong in will, who to the Refuge flies. Who cherishes all good, and goes the way Nirvana lies, By slow degrees will bring about destruction of all ties." [23] And so the Master, bringing his teaching to a climax in the eternal Nirvana, went on to declare the Truths, and then identified the Birth after the Truths, : this backsliding Brother was established in sainthood :- -" She who now is Mahamaya was then the mother this backslider was the Elephant who took the ; kingdom and handed it over to the child Sariputta was the father Elephant, ; and I myself was the young Prince."

" The strong roill — always have their way" etc. This was told by the Master whilst at Jetavana, how Elder Ananda received a present of a thousand robes. The Elder had been preaching to the ladies of the king of Kosala's palace as described above in the Mahasara Birth i. As he preached there in the manner described, [24] a thousand robes, worth each a thousand pieces of money, were brought to the king. Of these the king ' No. 92. Compare Cidlavagga, xi. 1. 13 ff. (trans, in S. B. E., iii. p. 382). J. II. 2 18 TJie Jataka. Booh II. gave five hundred to as many of his queens. The ladies put these aside, and made them a present to our Elder, and then the next day in their old ones went to the palace where the king took breakfast. The king remarked, " 1 gave you dresses worth a thousand pieces each. Why are you not wearing them?" "My lord," said they, "we have given them to the Elder." "Has Elder Ananda got them all?" he asked. They said, yes, he had. "The Supreme Buddha," said he, "allows only three robes. Ananda is doing a little trade in cloth, I suppose!" He was angry with the Elder; and after breakftxst, visited him in his cell, and after greeting, sat down, with these words : "Pray, Sir, do my ladies learn or listen to your preaching?" "Yes, Sire; they learn what they ought, and wliat they ought to hear, they hear." "Oh, indeed. Do they only listen, or do they make you presents of uppergarments or under-garments ? "To-day, Sire, they have given me five hundred robes worth a thousand pieces each." "And you accepted them, Sir? "Yes, Sire, I did." "Why, Sir, didn't the Master make some rule about three robes?" "True, Sire, for every Brother three robes is the rule, speaking of what he uses for himself. But no one is forbidden to accept what is offered and that is ; why I took them to give them to Brothers whose robes are worn out." "But when these Brothers get them from you, what do they do with their old ones ? "Make them into a cloke." "And what about the old cloke?" " That they turn into a shirt." "And the old shirt—?" "That serves for a coverlet." "The old coverlet?"— "Becomes a mat." [25] "The old mat?"— "A towel." "And what about the old towel?" " Sire, it is not permitted to waste the gifts of the faithful so they chop up ; the old towel into bits, and mix the bits with clay, which they use for mortar in building their houses." "A gift, Sir, ought not to be destroyed, not even a towel." "Well, Sir king, we destroy no gifts, but all are used somehow." This conversation pleased the king so much, that he sent for the other five hundred dresses which remained, and gave them to the Elder. Then, after receiving his thanks, he greeted the Elder in solemn state, and went his way. The Elder gave the first five hundred robes to Brothers whose robes were worn out. But the number of his fellow priests was just five hundred. One of these, a young Brother, was very useful to the Elder ; sweeping out his cell, serving him with food and di'ink, giving him toothbrush and water for cleansing his mouth, looking after the privies, living rooms, and sleeping rooms, and doing all that was needed for hand, foot, or back. To him, as his by right for all his great service, the Elder gave all the five hundred robes which he had received afterwards. The young Brother in his tui-n distributed them among his fellow-students. These all cut them up, dyed them yellow as a kanikara^ flower; then drest therein they waited upon the Master, greeted him, and sat down on one side. "Sir," they asked, "is it possible for a holy disciple who has entered on the First Path to be a respecter of persons in his gifts?" "No, Brothers, it is not possible for holy disciples to be respecters of persons in their gifts." "Sir, our spiritual Teacher, the Treasurer of the Faith, gave five hundred robes, each worth a thousand pieces, to a young Brother; and he has divided them amongst us." "Brothers, in giving these Ananda was no respecter of persons. [26] That young fellow was a very useful servant; so he made the present to his own attendant for service' sake, for goodness' 1 PterosiJermurn acerifolium. sake, and by right, thinking that one good turn deserves another, and with a wish to do what gratitude demands. In former days, as now, wise men acted on the principle that one good turn deserves another." And then, at their request, he told them a story of the olden time. Once upon a time, while Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta was a Lion living in a cave on the hills. One day he came out from his lair and looked towards the mountain foot. Now all round the foot of that mountain stretched a great piece of water. Upon some ground that rose out of this was a quantity of soft greengrass, growing on the thick mud, and over this mud ran rabbits and deer and such light creatures, eating of the grass. On that day, as usual, there was a deer eating grass upon it. " I'll have that deer ! " thought the Lion ; and with a lion's leap he sprang from the hillside towai'ds it. But the deer, frightened to death, scampered away belling. The Lion could not stop his onset down on the ; mud he fell, and sank in, so that he could not get out ; and there he remained seven days, his feet fixed like four posts, with not a morsel to eat. Then a Jackal, hunting for food, chanced to see him and set off ; running in high terror.But the Lion called out to him "I say. Jackal, — don't run — here am I, caught fast in the mud. Please save me " Up I came the Jackal "I could pull you out," says he, "but I much fear that once out you might eat me." " Fear nothing, I won't eat you," says the Lion. " On the contrary, I'll do you great service only get me out ; somehow." The Jackal, accepting this promise, worked away the mud around his four feet, and the holes wherein his four feet were fixed he dug further towards the water [27] then the water ran in, and made the mud soft. ; Then he got underneath the Lion, saying " Now, Sir, one great eflfort," making a loud noise and striking the Lion's belly with his head. The Lion strained every nerve, and scrambled out of the mud ; he stood on dry land. After a moment's rest, he plunged in the lake, and washed and scoured the mud from him. Then he killed a buffalo, and with his fangs tore up its flesh, of which he pi'ofFered some to the Jackal, saying, " Eat, comrade ! " and himself after the Jackal had done did eat too. Aftei- this, the Jackal took a piece in his mouth. "What's that for?" the Lion asked. "For your humble servant my mate, who awaits me at home." "All right," says the Lion, taking a bit for his own mate. "Come, comrade," says he again, " let us stay awhile on the mountain top, and then go to the lady's house." So there they went, and the Lion fed the she-jackal ; and after they were both satisfied, said he, " Now I am going 20 The Jdtaka. Book II. to take cai-e of you." So he conducted them to the place where he dwelt, and settled them in a cave near to the entrance of his own. Ever after that, he and the Jackal used to go a-hunting together, leaving their mates beliind all kinds of creatm-es they would kill, and eat ; to their hearts' content, and then bring back some for the two others. And as time went on, the she-Jackal and the Lioness had each two cubs, and they all lived happily together. One day, a sudden thought struck the Lioness. " My Lion seems very fond of the Jackal and his mate and young ones. What if there be something wrong between them ! That must be the cause why he is so fond of them, I suppose. Well, I will plague her and frighten her, and get her away from this place." So when the Lion and the Jackal were away on the hunt, she plagued and terrified the Jackal's mate, asking her why she stayed there, [28] why she did not run away 1 And her cubs frightened the young Jackals after the same fashion. The she-Jackal told her mate what had been said. "It is clear," said she, "that the Lion must have dropt a hint about us. We have been here a long time ; and now he will be the death of us. Let us go back to the place where we lived before ! On hearing this, the Jackal approached the Lion, with these words. " Master, we have been here a long time. Those who stay too long outstay their welcome. While we are away, your Lioness scolds and terrifies my mate, by asking why she stays, and telling her to begone your young ; ones do the same to mine. If any one does not like a neighbour, he should just bid him go, and send him about his business what is the use of all ; this plaguing 1 " So saying, he repeated the first stanza : "The strong will always have their way; it is their nature so to do; Your mate roars loud; and now I say I fear what once I trusted to." [29] The Lion listened ; then turning to his Lioness, " Wife," said he, " you remember how once I was out hunting for a week, and then brought back this Jackal and his mate with me 1 " " Yes, I remember." " Well, do you know why I stayed away all that week 1 " " No, Sir." " My wife, in trying to catch a deer, I made a mistake, and stuck fast in the mud there I stayed — for I could not get out — a whole week without food. My life was saved by this Jackal. This my friend saved my life ! A friend in need is a friend indeed, be he great or small. Never again must you put a slight upon my conn-ade, or his wife, or his family." And then the Lion repeated the second stanza : "A friend who plays a friendly part, however small and weak he be. He is my kinsman and my flesh and blood, a friend and comrade he; Despise him not, my sharp-fanged mate! this Jackal saved my life for me," No. 157. 21 The Lioness, when she heard this tale, made her peace with the Jackal's mate, and ever after lived at amity with her and her young ones. And the young of the two pairs played together in their early days, and when the parents died, [30] they did not break the bond of friendship, but lived happily together as the old ones had lived before them. Indeed, the friendship remained unbroken through seven generations. When the Master had ended this discourse, he declared the Truths and identified the Birth:— (at the end of the Truths some entered on the First Path, some on the Second, some on the Third, and some the Fourth:) — "Ananda was the Jackal in those days, and the Lion was 1 myself."

^^Birds of a feather" etc. — This story the Master told whilst at Jetavana, about two hot-tempered Brothers. It happened that there were two Brothers, passionate, cruel, and violent, one living at -Jetavana and one in the country. Once the country Brother came to Jetavana on some errand or other. The novices and young Brothers knew the passionate nature of this man, so they led him to the cell of the other, all agog to see them quarrel. No sooner did they spy one another, those two hottempered men, than they ran into each other's arms, stroking and caressing hands, and feet, and back The Brothers talked about it in the Hall of Truth. "Friend, these passionate Brothers are cross, cruel, angry to every body else, but with each other they are the best of friends, cordial and sympathetic!" The Master came in, asking what they sat there talking about? They told him. Said he, " This, Brothers, is not the only time that these men, who are cross, cruel, and angry to all else, have shown themselves cordial, and friendly, and sympathetic to each other. It happened just so in olden days"; and so saying, he told an old-world tale. Once upon a time when Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta was his do-all, a courtier who advised him on things temporal and things spiritual. Now this king was of a somewhat covetous nature ; [31] and he had a brute of a horse, named Mahasona, or Big Chestnut. 22 The Jdtaha. Book II. Some horse-dealei'S from the north country brought down five hundred horses ; and word was sent to the king that these horses had arrived. Now heretofore the Bodhisatta had always asked the dealers to fix their own price, and then paid it in full. But now the king, being displeased with him, summoned another of his court, to whom he said, " Friend, make the men name their price then let loose Big Chestnut ; so that he goes amongst them make him bite them, and when they are ; weak and wounded get the men to reduce their price." " Certainly," said the man and so he did. ; The dealers in great dudgeon told the Bodhisatta what this horse had done. "Have you not such another brute in your own city 1 " asked the Bodhisatta. Yes, they said, was one named Suhanu, Strongjaw, thei'e and a fierce and savage brute he was. " Bring him with you the next time you come," the Bodhisatta said ; and this they pi'omised to do. So the next time they came this brute came with them. The king, on hearing how the horse-dealers had arrived, opened his window to look at the horses, and caused Chestnut to be let loose. Then as the dealers saw Chestnut coming, they let Strongjaw loose. No sooner had the two met, than they stood still licking each other all over The king asked the Bodhisatta how it was. " Friend," said he, " when these two rogue horses come across others, they are fierce, wild, and savage, they bite them, and make them ill. But with each other there they — stand, licking one another all over the body What's the reason of this 1 ! " The reason is," said the Bodhisatta, " that they are not dissimilar, but like in nature and character." And he repeated this couple of verses : "Birds of a feather flock together: Chestnut and Strongjaw both agree: In scope and aim both are the same there is no difference I can see." [32] "Both savage are, and vicious both; both always bite their tether; So sin with sin, and vice with vice, must e'en agree together." Then the Bodhisatta went on to warn the king against excessive covetise, and the spoiling of other men's goods ; and fixing the value, he made him pay the proper price. The dealers received the due value, and went away well satisfied and the king, abiding by the Bodhisatta's ; admonition, at last passed away to fare according to his deeds. When the Master had ended this discourse, he identified the Birth " The : bad Brothers were then these two horses, Ananda was the king, and I was the wise comisellor." No. 159. 23

" [33] There he rises, king all-seeing" etc. This story the IMaster told at Jetavana about a backshding Brother. This Brother was led by some others before tlie Master, who asked, " Is it true, Brother, as I hear, that you have backslidden?" "Yes, Sir.'' "What have you seen that should make you do so?" "A woman drest up in magnificent attire.'' Then said the Master, "What wonder that womankind should trouble the wits of a man like you Even wise ! men, who for seven hundred years have done no sin, on hearing a woman's voice have transgressed in a moment; even the holy become impure; even they who have attained the highest honour have thus come to disgrace how much more — the unholy !" and he told a story of the olden time. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta came into this world as a Peacock. The egg which contained him had a shell as yellow as a kanikara bud and when he broke the shell, he ; became a Golden Peacock, fair and lovely, with beautiful red lines under his wungs. To preserve his life, he traversed three ranges of hills, and in the fourth he settled, on a plateau of a golden hill in Dandaka. When day dawned, as he sat upon the hill, w^atching the sun rise, he composed a Brahma spell to preserve himself safe in his own feeding-ground, the charm beginning " There he rises " : — "There he rises, king all-seeing, Making all things bright with his golden light. Thee I worship, glorious being. Making all things bright with thy golden light, Keep me safe, I pray, Through the coming day." [34] Worshipping the sun on this wise by the verse here recited, he repeats another in worship of the Buddhas who have passed away, and all their virtues : "All saints, the righteous, wise in holy lore, These do I honour, and their aid implore All honour to the wise, to wisdom honour be. To freedom, and to all that freedom has made free." Uttering this charm to keep himself from harm, the Peacock went a-feeding '. 1 This line of the text is metrical iu the Pali. 24 The Jataka. Book II. [35] So after flying about all day, he came back at even and sat on the hilltop to see the sun go down ; then as he meditated, he uttered another spell to preserve himself and keep off evil, the one beginning " There he sets " :— "There he sets, the king all-seeing, He that makes all bright with his golden light. Thee I worship, glorious being. Making all things bright with thy golden light. Through the night, as through the day, Keep me safe, I pray. "All saints, the righteous, wise in holy lore. These do I honour and their aid implore All honour to the wise, to wisdom honour be. To freedom, and to all that freedom has made free." Uttering this charm to keep himself from harm, the Peacock fell a-sleeping^ [36] Now thei-e was a savage who lived in a certain village of wild huntsmen, near Benares. Wandering about among the Himalaya hills he noticed the Bodhisatta perched upon the golden hill of Dandaka, and told it to his son. It so befel that on a day one of the wives of the king of Benares, Khema by name, saw in a dream a golden peacock holding a religious discourse. This she told to the king, saying that she longed to hear the discourse of the golden peacock. The king asked his courtiers about it ; and the courtiers said, " The Brahmins will be sure to know." The Brahmins said " Yes, there are golden peacocks." : When asked, where 1 they replied, " The hunters will be sure to know." The king called the hunters together and asked them. Then this hunter answered, " O lord king, there is a golden hill in Dandaka and there a golden ; peacock lives." "Then bring it here — kill it not, but just take it alive." The hunter set snares in the peacock's feeding-ground. But even when the peacock stepped upon it, the snare would not close. This the hunter tried for seven years, but catch him he could not ; and there he died. And Queen Khema too died without obtaining her wish. The king was wroth because his Queen had died for the sake of a peacock. He caused an inscription to be made upon a golden plate to this eflfect : " Among the Himalaya mountains is a golden hill in Dandaka. There lives a golden peacock ; and whoso eats of its flesh becomes ever young and immortal." This he enclosed in a casket. After his death, the next king read this inscription : and thought he, " I will become ever young and immortal ; " so he sent another 1 This line of the text is metrical in the Pali. No. 159. 25 hunter. Like the first, this hunter failed to capture the peacock, and died in the quest. In the same way the kingdom was ruled by six successive kings. Then a seventh arose, who also sent forth a hunter. The hunter observed that when the Golden Peacock came into the snare, it did not shut to, [37] and also that he recited a charm before setting out in search of food, Oflf he went to the marches, and caught a peahen, which he trained to dance when he clajjped his hands, and at snap of finger to utter her cry. Then, taking her along with him, he set the snare, fixing its uprights in the ground, early in the morning, before the peacock had recited his charm. Then he made the peahen utter a cry. This unwonted sound — the female's note —-woke desire in the peacock's breast ; leaving hischarm unsaid, he came towards her ; and was caught in the net. Then the hunter took hold of him and conveyed him to the king of Benares. The king was delighted at the peacock's beauty ; and ordered a seat to be placed for him. Sitting on the profiered seat, the Bodhisatta asked, " Why did you have me caught, O king 1 " " Because they say all that eat of you become immortal and have eternal youth. So I wish to gain youth eternal and immortality by eating of you," said the king. "So be it —granted that all who eat of me become immortal and have eternal youth. But that means that I must die ! " Of course it does," said the king. " Well — and if I die, how can my flesh give immortality to those that " eat of it ? " Your colour is golden ; therefore (so it is said) those who eat your flesh become young and live so for ever'." "Sir," replied the bird, "there is a very good reason for my golden colour. Long ago, I held imperial sway over the whole world, reigning in this very city I kept the Five Commanduients, and made all people of ; the world keep the same. For that I was born again after death in the World of the Thirty-Three Archangels there I lived out my life, but ; in my next birth I became a peacock in consequence of some sin; however, golden I became because I had aforetime kept the Commandments." " What 1 Incredible ! You an imperial ruler, who kept the Commandments ! born gold-coloured as the fruit of them ! A proof, prithee ! 1 Perhaps because they are supposed to live as long as gold lasts. On the same principle, pieces of jade are placed in the coffin of the Chinese, to preserve the soul of the dead. Groot, in a work on Chinese religious, quotes a Chinese writer of the 4th century, who says : "He who swallows gold will exist as long as gold; he who swallows jade will exist as long as jade " and recommends it for the living (cp. Groot, ; Religious Systems of China, i. pp. 271, 273). 26 The Jataha. Book II. [38] " I have one, Sire." "What is it?" " Well, Sire, when 1 was monarch, I used to pass through mid-air seated in a jewelled car, which now lies buried in the earth beneath the waters of the I'oyal lake. Dig it up from beneath the lake, and that shall be my proof." The king approved the plan; he caused the lake to be drained, and dug out the chariot, and believed the Bodhisatta. Then the Bodhisatta addressed him thus : " Sire, except Nirvana, which is everlasting, all things else, being composite in their nature, are unsubstantial, transient, and subject to living and death." Discoursing on this theme he established the king in keeping of the Commandments. Peace filled the king's heart; he bestowed his kingdom upon the Bodhisatta, and showed him the highest respect. The Bodhisatta returned the gift and after a few days' sojourn, he rose ; up in the air, and flew back to the golden hill of Dandaka, with a parting word of advice — "O king, be careful!" And the king on his part clave to the Bodhisatta's advice; and after giving alms and doing good, passed away to fare according to his deeds. This discourse ended, the Master declared the Truths, and identified the Birth: — now after the Truths the backsliding Brother became a Saint: "Ananda was the king of those days, and I myself was the Golden Peacock."

VINiLAKA-JATAKA. " Js yonder king goes galloping^^ etc. — This story the Master told during a sojourn in Veluvana, how Devadatta imitated the Buddha. The two chief Disciples^ went to visit Gayasisa^, where Devadatta imitated the Buddha, and fell the Elders then both returned, after delivering a discourse, ; taking with them their own pupils. On arriving at Veluvana, the Master asked them what Devadatta had done when he saw them I [39] " Sir," they said, " he ^ Sariputta and Moggallana. See CuUavagga, vii. 4 (trans, in Vinaya Texts, iii. 256 ff.). 2 A mountain near Gaya in Behar. It is now called Brahmayoni (see Bajendralala Mitra, Buddha Gaijd, p. 23). imitated the Buddha, and was utterly destroyed." The Master answered, " It is not only now, Siiriputta, that Devadatta came to dire destruction by mimicking Qie; it was just the same before." Then at the Elder's request, he told an oldworld tale. Once upon a time, when Videha was reigning at Mithila in the realm of Videha, the Bodhisattabecame a son of his Queen Consort. He grew uj) in due course, and was educated at Takkasila ; and on his fatlier's decease he inherited his kingdom. At that time a certain king of the Golden Geese paired with a Crow at the feeding-gi'ounds, and to them was born a son. He was like neither mother nor father. All dingy blue-black he was, and accordingly they gave him Dingy to his name. The Goose-king often visited his offspring; and he had besides two other sons, geese like himself. These remarked that he often used to go to the regions where mankind do frequent, and asked him what should be the reason. " My sons," said he, " I have a mate there, a Crow, and she has given me a son, whose name is Dingy. He it is I go to visit." "Where do they live?" they asked. " On a palm-top near Mithila in the kingdom of Videha," describing the spot. " Father," said they, " where men are, there is fear and peril. You ought not to go there let us go and fetch him to you." ; So they took a stick, and perched Dingy upon it then catching the ; ends in their beaks, they flew over the city of Mithila. At that moment King Videha chanced to be sitting in a magnificent carriage drawn by a team of four milk-white thoroughbreds, as he made a triumphal circuit of the city. Dingy saw him, and thought he "What is — the difference between King Videha and me ? He is riding in state around his capital in a chariot drawn by four white horses and I am ; carried in a vehicle drawn by a pair of Geese." So as he passed through the air he repeated the first stanza : [40] "As yonder king goes galloping with his milk-white four-in-hand. Dingy has these, his pair of Qeese, to bear him over the land!" These words made the Geese angry. Their first thought was "Let us drop him here, and leave him! " But then again they bethought them — " What will our faUaer say ! " So for fear of rebuke, they brought the creature to their father, and recounted all that he had done. The father grew angry when he heard it : "What!" said he, "are you my sons' superior, that you make yourself master over them, and treat them like horses in a carriage 1 You don't know your measure. This is no place for you ; get you back to your mother ! " And with this censure he repeated the second stanza : " Dingy, my dear, there's danger here ; this is no place for you ; By village gates your mother waits — there you must hasten too." With this censure, he bade his sons convey the bird to the dunghill outside the city of Mithila ; and so they did. This lesson ended, the Master identified the Birth : "Devadatta in those days was Dingy, the two Elders were the two young Geese, Ananda was the father Goose, and I was king Videha myself."

[41] " Friendship with evil" etc. — This is a story told by the Master while at Jetavana, about a headstrong person; and the circumstances will be found in the Vulture Birth i, of the Ninth Book. The Master said to this Brother— "In olden days, as now, you were trampled to death by a mad elephant because you were so headstrong and careless of wise men's advice." And he told the old story. Once upon a time, while Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta was born of a brahmin family. On growing up he left his worldly home and took to the religious life, and in time became the leader of a company of five hundred anchorites, who all lived together in the region of Himalaya. Amongst these anchorites was a headstrong and unteachable person named Indasamilnagotta. He had a pet elephant. The Bodhisatta sent for him when he found this out, and asked if he really did keep a young elephant 1 Yes, the man said, he had an elephant which had lost its dam. "Well," the Bodhisatta said, "when elephants grow up they kill even those who foster them ; so you had better not keep it any longer." "But I can't live without him, my Teacher ! " was the reply. " Oh, well," said the Bodhisatta, "you'll live to repent it." Howbeit he still reared the creature, and by and bye it grew to an immense size. It happened once that the anchorites had all gone far afield to gather roots and fruits in the forest, and they were absent for several days. At the hrst breath of the south wind this elephant fell in a frenzy. 1 Gijjha-jjltaka, No. 427. No. 161. 29 " Destruction to this hut ! " thought he, " I'll smash the water-jar ! I'll overturn the stone bench ! I'll tear up the pallet ! I'll kill the hermit, and then off I'll go ! " So he sped into the jungle, and waited watching for their return. The master came first, [42] laden with food for his pet. As soon as he saw him, he hastened up, thinking all was well'. Out rushed the elephant from the thicket, and seizing him in his trunk, dashed him to the ground, then with a blow on the head crushed the life out of him ; and madly trumpeting, he scampered into the forest. The other anchorites brought this news to the Bodhisatta. Said he, " We should have no dealings with the bad " and then he repeated these ; two verses : " Friendship with evil let the good eschew, The good, who know what duty bids them do They will work mischief, be it soon or late. Even as the elephant his master slew." " But if a kindred spirit thou shalt see. In virtue, wisdom, learning like to thee, Choose such an one to be thy own true friend Good friends and blessing go in company." [43] In this way the Bodhisatta showed his l)and of anchorites that it is well to be docile and not obstinate. Then he performed Indasamanagotta's obsequies, and cultivating the Excellences, came at last into Brahma's heaven. After concluding this discourse, the Master identified the Birth " This : unruly fellow was then Indasamanagotta, and I was mj'self the teacher of the anchorite band."

"Nothing is worse" etc. This story the Master told while dwelling at Jetavana, about feeding the sacred fire. The circumstances are the same as those of the Naiiguttha Birth related above-. The Brethren, on seeing those who kept up this fire, said to the Blessed One, " Sir, here are topknot ascetics practising all sorts of false asceticism. What's the good of it?" "There is no 1 Or, "with his iisual greeting, or signal," 8 No. 144, ; —— 30 The Jataka. Book II. good in it," said the Master. " It has happened before that even wise men have imagined some good in feeding the sacred fire, but after doing this for a long time, have found out that there is no good in it, and have quenched it with water, and beat it down, beat it down with sticks, never giving it so much as a look afterwards." Then he told them a story. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta was born in a brahmin family. When he was about sixteen years old, his father and mother took his birth-fire' and spoke to him thus : " Son, will you take your birth-fire into the woods, and worship the fire there ; or will you learn the Three Vedas, settle down as a married man, and live in the world ? " Said he, " No worldly life for me : I will worship my fire in the woodland, and go on the way to heaven." So taking his birth-fire, he bade farewell to his parents, and entered the forest, where he lived in a hut made of branches and leaves and did worship to the fire. One day he had been invited to some place where he received a present of rice and ghee. "This rice," thought he, "I will ofTer to Great Brahma." [44] So he took home the rice, and made the fire blaze. Then with the words, " With this rice I feed the sacred flame," he cast it upon the fire. Scarce had this rice dropt upon it, all full of fat as it was — when a fierce flame leapt up which set his hermitage alight. Then the brahmin hurried away in terror, and down some distance ofi*. " There should be no sat dealings with the wicked," said he;"and so this fire has burnt the hut which I made with so much trouble " And he repeated the fii'st stanza ! : " Nothing is worse than evil company I my fire with plenteous rice and ghee fed And lo the hut which gave me such ado ! To build it up, my fire has burnt for me." " I've done with you now, false friend !" he added; and he poured water upon the fire, and beat it out with sticks, and then buried himself in the mountains. There he came upon a black hind licking the faces of a lion, a tiger, and a panther. This put it into his mind how there was nothing better than good friends ; and therewith he repeated the second stanza: " Nothing is better than good company Kind offices of friendship here I see; [45] Behold the lion, tiger, and the pard The black hind licks the faces of all three." ' Cp. vol. i. no. 61, and 144, init.\ a sacredwas also kindled at a wedding, to lire be used for sacrifice and constantly kept up (Mauu, 3. 67). So too now, the Agni-hotri in Kumaon begins fire-worship from the date of his marriage. The sacred fire of the marriage altar is carried in a copper vessel to his fire-pit. It is always kept alight, and from it must be kindled his funeral pyre (North Indian Notea iind Queries, iii. 284). With these reflections the Bodhisatta plunged into the depths of the mountains, and there he embraced the true religious life, cultivating the Faculties and the Attainments, until at his life's end he passed into Brahma's heaven. After delivering this discourse, the Master identified the Birth : " In those days I was the ascetic of the story."

SUSiMA-JATAKA. ^^ Five score black elephants" etc. — This story the Master told at Jetavana, about arbitrary giving of alms. We hear that at Savatthi, a family used sometimes to give alms to the Buddha and his friends, sometimes they used to give to the heretics, or else the givers would form themselves into companies, or again the people of one street would club together, or the whole of the inhabitants would collect voluntary ofterings, and present them. On this occasion all the inhabitants had made such a collection of all necessaries ; but counsels were divided, some demanding that this be given to the heretics, some speaking for those who followed the Buddha. Each party stuck to their point, the disciples of the heretics voting for the heretics, and the disciples of Buddha for Buddha's company. Then it was proposed to divide upon the question, and accordingly they divided; those who were for the Buddha were in the majority. So their plan was followed, and the disciples of the heretics could not prevent the gifts being oftered to the Buddha and his followers. The citizens gave invitation to the Buddha's company for seven days they ; set rich offerings before them, and on the seventh gave over all the articles they had collected. The Master returned thanks, [46] after which he instructed a host of people in the fruition of the Paths. Next he returned to Jetavana; and when his followers had done their duties, he delivered a Buddha's discourse standing before his scented chamber, into which he then retired. At evening time the Brethren talked the matter over together in the Hall of Truth " Friend, how the heretics' disciples tried to prevent this from : coming to the saints ! Yet they couldn't do it ; all the collection of articles was laid before the saints' own feet. Ah, how great is the Buddha's power!" "What is this you are talking about now together?" asked the Master, coming in. They told him. "Brethren," said he, "this is not the first time that the disciples of the heretics have tried to thwart an offering which should have been made to me. They did the same before; but always these articles have been finally laid at my feet." So saying, he told them a tale of long ago. 32 The Jataka. Booh II. Once upon a time there lived in Benares a king SusTma and the ; Bodhisatta was the son of his chaplain's lady. When he was sixteen years old, his father died. The father while he lived was Master of the Ceremonies in the king's elei)hant festivals. He alone had right to all the trappings and appointments of the elephants which came into the place of festival. By this means he gained as much as ten millions at each festival. At the time of our story the season for an elephant festival came round. And the Brahmins all flocked to the king, with these words: " O great king ! the season for an elephant festival has come, and a festival should be made. But this your chaplain's son is veiy young he knows neither the three Vedas nor the lore of elephants ^ Shall we conduct the ceremony 1 " To this the king consented. Off went the Brahmins delighted. "Aha," said they, "we have barred this lad from performing the festival. We shall do it ourselves, and keep the gains " ! But the Bodhisatta's mother heard that in four days there was to be an elephant festival. [47] "For seven generations," thought she, "we have managed the elephant festivals from father to son. The old custom will pass from us, and our wealth will all melt away ! " She wept and wailed. " Why are you weeping 1 " asked her son. She told him. Said he — "Well, mother, shall I conduct the festivaH" "What, you, sonny 1 You don't know the three Vedas or the elephant lore how can ; you do it?" "When are they going to have the festival, mother?" "Four days from now, my son." " Where can I find teachers who know the three Vedas by heart, and all the elephant lore 1 " " Just such a famous teacher, my son, lives in Takkasila, in the realm of Gandhara, two thousand leagues away." "Mother," says he, "our hereditary right we shall not One day will take me to Takkasila one night will be lose. ; enough to teach me the three Vedas and the elephant lore on the ; morrow I will journey home and on the fourth day I will manage the ; elephant festival. Weep no more " With these words he comforted his ! mother. Early next morning he broke his fast, and set out all alone for Takkasila, which he reached in a single day. Then seeking out the teacher, he greeted him and sat on one side. " Where have you come from ? " the teacher asked. " From Benares, Teacher." " To what end 1 " "To learn from you the three Vedas and the elephant lore." "Certainly, my son, you shall learn it." ' An elephant trainer's manual, the hastisutram or hastl^iksii, cf. Mallinatha, Raghuv. vi. 27. No. 163. 33 " But, Sir," said our Bodhisatta, " my case is urgent." Then he recounted the whole matter, adding, " In a single day I have traversed a journey of two thousand leagues. Give me your time for this one night only. Three days from now there is to be an Elephant festival I will learn the whole after one lesson." The Teacher consented. Then the lad washed his master's feet, and laid before him a fee of a thousand pieces of money [48] he sat down ; on one side, and learnt his lesson by heart as day broke, even as the ; day broke, he finished the three Vedas and the Elephant Lore. " Is there any more, Sir?" asked he. "No, my son, you have it all." "Sir," he went on, " in this book such a verse comes in too late, such another has gone astray in the reading. This is the way to teach your pupils for the future," and then he corrected his teacher's knowledge for him. After an early meal he took his leave, and in a single day he was back again in Benares, and greeting his mother. " Have you learnt your lesson, my boy " said she. 1 He answered, yes ; and she was delighted to hear it. Next day, the festival of the elephants was prepared. A hundred elephants were set in array, with golden trappings, golden flags, all covered with a network of fine gold ; and all the palace courtyard was decked out. There stood the Brahmins, in all their fine gala dress, thinking to themselves, " Now we shall do the ceremony, we shall do it " ! Presently came the king, in all his splendour, and with him the ornaments and other things that were used. The Bodhisatta, apparelled like a prince, at the head of his suite, approached the king with these words. " Is it really true, great king, that you are going to rob me of my right? Are you going to give other brahmins the managing of this ceremony ? Have you said that you mean to give them the various ornaments and vessels that are used ? " and he repeated the first stanza as follows "Five score black elephants, with tusks all white Are thine, in gold caparison bedigbt. To thee, and thee I give them ' dost thou' — say. Remembering my old ancestral right ? [49] King Susima, thus addressed, then repeated the second stanza : "Five score black elephants, with tusks all white. Are mine, in gold caparison bedight. To thee, and thee I give them ' so I say. ' My lad, remembering thine ancestral right." Then a thought struck the Bodhisatta ; and he said, " Sire, if you do remember my ancient right and your ancient custom, why do you neglect me and make others the masters of your festival ? " " Why, I J. II. 3 34 The Jdtaka. Booh II. was told that you did not know the three Vedas or the Elephant Lore, and that is why I have caused the festival to be managed by others." "Very well, Sire. If there is one amongst all these brahmins who can recite a portion of the Vedas or the Elephant Lore against me, let him stand forward Not in all India is there one save me who ! knows the three Vedas and the Elephant Lore for the ordering of an Elephant festival " [50] Proud as a lion's roar rang out the answer ! ! Not a brahmin durst rise and contend with him. So the Bodhisatta kept his ancestral right, and conducted the ceremony; and laden with riches, he returned to his own home. When the Master had ended this discourse, he declared the Truths, and some entered on the First Path, some on the Second, some identified the Birth: the Third, and some the Fourth: "Mahamaya was at that time my mother, king Suddhodana was my father, Ananda was king Susima, Sariputta the famous Teacher and I myself was the young Brahmin."

"yl vulture sees a corpse" etc. —This story the Master told about a Brother who had his mother to support. The circumstances will be related under the Sama Births The Master asked him whether he, a Brother, was really supporting persons who were still living in the world. This the Brother admitted. " How are they related to you ? " the Master went on. " They are my parents. Sir." " Excellent, excellent," the Master said and bade the Brethren not be ; angry with this Brother. " Wise men of old," said he, " have done service even to those who were not of kin to them but this man's task has been to support ; his own parents." So saying, he told them this story of bygone days. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta came to life as a young Vulture on the Vulture Hill, and had his mother and father to nourish. 1 No. 532 in Westergaard's Copenhagen Catalogue {Cat. Or. MSS. Bill. Haun.) not yet printed. No. 164. 35 Once there came a great wind and rain. The Vultures could not hold their own against it ; half frozen, they flew to Benares, and there near the wall and near the ditch they sat, shivering with the cold. A merchant of Benares was issuing from the city on his way to bathe, when he spied these miserable Vultures. He got them together in a dry place, made a fire, sent and brought them some cowflesh from the cattle's burning-place, and put some one to look after them. When the storm fell, [51] our Vultures were all right and flew off" at once among the Without delay they met, and thus took mountains. counsel together. " A Benares merchant has done us a good turn and ; one good turn deserves another, as the saying is so after this when any ' : of us finds a garment or an ornament it must be dropt in that merchant's courtyard." So thenceforward if they ever noticed people drying their clothes or finery in the sun, watching for an unwary moment, they snatched them quickly, as hawks swoop on a bit of meat, and dropt them in the merchant's yard. But he, whenever he observed that they were bringing him anything, used to cause it to be laid aside. They told the king how vultures were plundering the city. "Just catch me one vultiire," says the king, "and I will make them bring it all back." So snares and gins were set everywhere ; our dutiful Vulture was caught. They seized him with intent to bring him to the king. The Merchant aforesaid, on the way to wait upon his majesty, saw these people walking along with the Vulture. He went in their company, for fear they might hurt the Vulture. They gave the Vulture to the king, who examined him. " You rob our city, and carry oflF clothes and all sorts of things," he began. — " Yes, — " Whom have they been given to — " A merchant Sire."- 1 " of Benares." — "Why?" — "Because he saved our and they say one lives, good turn deserves another ; that is why we gave them to him." "Vultures, they say," quoth the king, "can spy a corpse an hundred leagues away ; and can't you see a trap set ready for you ? " And with these words he repeated the first stanza : " A vultm'e sees a corpse that lies one hundred leagues away : When thou, alightst upon a trap dost thou not see it, pray ? [52] The Vulture listened, then replied by repeating the second stanza : "When life is coming to an end, and death's hour draws anigh. Though you may come close up to it, nor trap nor snare you spy." After this response of the Vulture, the king turned to our Merchant. " Have all these things really been brought to you, then, by the Vulturesl" ^ This seems to be another form of the " Grateful Beasts " incident which so often occurs in folk- tales. " Yes, my lord." " Where are they ? " " My lord, they are all put away ; each shall receive his own again : —only let this Vulture go ! " He had his way ; the Vulture was set at liberty, and the Merchant returned all the property to its owners. This lesson ended, the Master declared the Truths, and identified the Birth : —at the conclusion of the Truths the dutiful Brother was established in the fruition of the First Path: " Ananda was the king of those days ; Sariputta was the Merchant ; and I myself was the Vulture that supported his parents."

" Creature, your egg-horn — enemy" etc. This story the Master told during a sojoiu-n at Jetavana, about two officers who had a quarrel. The circumstances have been given above in the Uraga Births Here, as before, the Master said, " This is not the first time, Brethren, these two nobles have been reconciled by me j in former times I reconciled them too." Then he told an old story. Once on a time, when Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta was born in a certain village as one of a brahmin family. When he came of age, [53] he was educated at Takkasila then, renouncing the ; world he became a recluse, cultivated the Faculties and the Attainments, and dwelt in the region of Himalaya, living upon wild roots and fruits which he picked up in his goings to and fro. At the end of his cloistered walk lived a Mongoose in an ant-heap ; and not far off, a Snake lived in a hollow tree. These two. Snake and Mongoose, were pei-petually quarrelling. The Bodhisatta preached to them the misery of quarrels and the blessing of peace, and reconciled the two together, saying, "You ought to cease your quarrelling and live together at one." When the Serpent was abroad, the Mongoose at the end of the walk lay with his head out of the hole in his ant-hill, and his mouth open, and 1 Above, No. 154. No. 165. 37 thus fell asleep, heavily drawing his breath in and out. The Bodhisatta saw him sleeping there, and asking him, "Why, what are you afraid of?" repeated the first stanza : " Creature 1, yom- egg-born enemy a faithful friend is made: Why sleep you there with teeth all bare of what are you afraid ? ? "Father," said the Mongoose, "never despise a former enemy, but always suspect him " : and he repeated the second stanza : " Never despise an enemy nor ever trust a friend : A fear that springs from unfeared things uproots and makes an end." [54] " Fear not," replied the Bodhisatta. " I have persuaded the Snake to do you no harm ; him no more." With this advice, he distrust proceeded to cultivate the Four Excellences, and set his face toward Brahma's heaven. And the others too passed away to fare hereafter accord ing to their deeds. Then this lesson ended, the Master identified the Birth " The two noblemen : were at that time Snake and Mongoose, and I was myself the ascetic."

"Fourteen thousand UpasdUias" etc. This story the Master told whilst at Jetavaua, about a brahmin named Upasalha, who was fastidious in the matter of cemeteries. This man, we learn, was rich and wealthy ; bvit, though he lived over against the monastery, he showed no kindness to the Buddhas, being given to heresy. But he had a son, wise and intelligent. When he was growing old, the man said to his son, " Don't let my body be bmnit in a cemetery where any outcast can be burnt, but find some uncontaminated place to burn me in." " Father," said the young fellow, " I know no cemetery fit to bm-n your body in. Good my father, take the lead and yourself point out the place where I shall have you burnt." So the brahmin consenting led his son out of the city to the top of Vulture Peak, and then said he, " Here, my son, no outcast is ever burnt here ; I would have you burn me." Then he began to descend the hill in his son's company. On that day, in the evening, the Master was looking around to see which of his friends was ripe for Release, and perceived that this father and son were ^ Lit. ' viviparous one.' 38 The Jataka. Book II. ready to enter upon the First Path. So he took their road, and came to the hill-foot, like a hunter waiting for his quarry ; there he sat till they should come down from the toji. ])own they came, and noticed the Master. He gave them greeting, and asked, "Where are you bound, brahmins.^" The young man told him their errand. "Come along, then," said the Master, "show me the place your father pointed out." So he and they two together climbed up the mountain. "Which place?" he asked. "Sir," said the lad, "the space between these three hills is the one he showed me." [55] The Master said, " This is not the first time, my lad, that your father has been nice in the matter of cemeteries he was the same before. Nor is it now only that he has pointed you out this place for his bm-ning ;long ago he pointed out the very same place." And at his request the Master told them a tale of long ago. Once upon a time, in this very city of Rajagaha, lived this same brahmin Upasalhaka^, and he had the very same son. At that pei'iod the Bodhisatta had been born in a brahmin family of Magadha land and ; when his education was finished, he embraced a religious life, cultivated the Faculties and the Attainments, and lived a long time in the region of Himalaya, plunged in mystic exaltation. Once heleft his hermitage on Vulture Peak to go buy salt and seasoning. While he was away, this brahmin spoke in just the same way to his son, as now. The lad begged him to point out a proper place, and he came and pointed out this very place. As he was descending, with his son, he observed the Bodhisatta, and approached him, and the Bodhisatta put the same question as I did just now, and received the son's answer. " Ah," said he, " we'll see whether this place which your father has shown you is contaminated or not," and made them go with him up the hill again. "The space between these three hills," said the lad, "is pure." "My lad," the Bodhisatta replied, "there is no end to the people who have been burned in this very spot. Your own father, born a brahmin, as now, in Rajagaha, and bearing the very same name of Upasalhaka, has been burnt on this hill in fourteen thousand births. On the whole earth there's not a spot to be found where a corpse has not been burnt, which has not been a cemetery, which has not been covered with skulls." This he discerned by the faculty of knowing all previous lives and then : he repeated these two stanzas : — [56] " Fourteen thousand Upasalhas have been burnt upon this spot, Nor is there the wide world over any place where death is not. "Where is kindness, truth, and justice, temperance and self-control. There no death can find an entrance; thither hies each saintly soul." 1 This added suffix makes no practical difference in the word it is often put on to : adjectives and substantives without affecting their meaning. But sometimes it has a diminutive force. When the Bodhisatta had thus discoursed to father and son, he cultivated the Four Excellences and went his way to Brahma's heaven. When this discourse was ended, the Master declared the Truths and identified the Birth : at the conclusion of the Truths father and son were established in the Fruit of the First Path:- "The father and son were the same then as they are now, and the ascetic was I myself."

"Begging Brother^ do you know" etc. This story was told by the Master whilst he was staying in Tapoda Park near Rajagaha, about Elder Samiddhi, or Goodluck. Once Father Goodluck had been wrestling in the spirit all night long. At sunrise he bathed then he stood with his under garment on, holding the other ; in his hand, as he dried his body, all yellow as gold. Like a golden statue of exquisite workmanship he was, the iJerfection of beauty [57] and that is why ; he was called Goodluck. A daughter of the gods, seeing the Elder's surpassing beauty, fell in love with him, and addressed him thus. " You are young. Brother, and fresh, a mere stripling, with black hair, bless you ! you have youth, you are lovely and pleasant to the eyes. Why should a man like you turn religious without a little enjoyment? Take your pleasure first, and then you shall become religious and do what the hermits do " He replied, " Nymph, at some time or other I must ! die, and the time of my death I know not ;that time is hid from me. Therefore in the freshness of my youth I will follow the solitary life, and make an end of pain." Finding she received no encouragement, the goddess at once vanished. The Elder went and told his Master about it. Then the Master said, " Not now alone, Goodluck, are you tempted by a nymph. In olden days, as now, nymphs tempted ascetics." And then at his request the Master told an oldworld tale. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was king in Benares, the Bodhisatta became a brahmin's son in a village of Kasi. Coming of years, he attained perfection in all his studies, and embraced the religious life ; and he lived in Himalaya, hard by a natural lake, cultivating the Faculties and the Attainments. 40 The Jataka, Book II. All night long he had wrestled in the spirit ; and at sunrise he bathed him, and with one bark garment on and the otlier in his hand, he stood, letting the water dry off his body. At the moment a daughter of the gods observed his perfect beauty, and fell in love with him. Tempting him, she repeated this first stanza : "Begging brother, do you know What of joy the world can show? Now's the time there is no other: Pleasure first, then —begging brother!" [58] The Bodhisatta listened to the nymph's address, and then replied, declaring his set purpose, by repeating the second stanza : "The time is hid — cannot know I When is the time that I must go: Now is the time there is no other : So I am now a begging brother i." When the nymph heard the Bodhisatta's words, she vanished at once. After this discourse the Master identified the Birth: "The nymph is the same in both stories, and the hermit at that time was I myself."

"^ Quail was in his feeding-ground" etc. This story the Master told at — Jetavana, about his meaning in the Bird Preaching^. One day the Master called the Brethren, saying, "When you seek alms. Brethren, keep each to your own district." And repeating that sutta from the Mahayagga which suited the occasion, [59] he added, "But wait a moment: aforetime others even in the form of animals refused to keep to their own 1 The commentator, in explaining this passage, adds another couplet "Life, sickness, death, the putting off the flesh, Re-birth these five are hidden in this world." 2 I have not been able to trace this Sakunovuda-sutta. Perhaps it refers to a speech of the Buddha as a bird ; op. Kukkurovtldo i. p. 178 (Pali). No. 168. 41 districts, and bypoaching on other people's preserves, they fell into the way of their enemies, and then by their own intelligence and resource got free from the hands of their enemies." With these words he related an old story. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was king in Benares, the Bodhisatta came into the world as a young Quail. He got his food in hopping about over the clods left after ploughing. One day he thought he would leave his feeding ground and try another ; so off he flew to the edge of a forest. As he picked up his food there, a Falcon spied him,and attacking him fiercely, he caught him fast. Held prisoner by this Falcon, our Quail made his moan " Ah how : ! very unlucky I am ! how little sense I have ! I'm poaching on some one else's preserves ! O that I had kept to my own place, where my fathers were before me ! then this Falcon would have been no match for me, " I mean if he had come to fight ! "Why, Quailie," says the Falcon, "what's your own ground, where your fathers fed before you ] " " A ploughed field all covered with clods ! At this the Falcon, relaxing his strength, let go. " Off with you. Quail You won't escape me, even there ! ' The Quail flew back and perched on an immense clod, and there he stood, calling — Come along now, Falcon " ! " Sti-aining every nerve, poising both wings, down swooped the Falcon fiercely upon our Quail. " Here he comes with a vengeance " thought ! the Quail and as soon as he saw him in full career, just turned over and ; let him strike full against the clod of earth. The Falcon could not stop himself, and struck his breast against the earth this broke his heart,; and he fell dead with his eyes starting out of his head. [60] When this tale had been told, the Master added, " Thus you see, Brethren, how even animals fall into their enemies' hands by leaving their proper place; but when they keep to it, they conquer their enemies. Therefore do you take care not to leave your own place and intrude upon another's. Brethren, when people leave their own station Mara^ finds a door, Mara gets a foothold. What is foreign ground, Brethren, and what is the wrong place for a Brother? I mean the Five Pleasures of Sense. What are these five? The Lust of the Eye... [and so on].^ This, Brethren, is the wrong place for a Brother." Then gi-owing perfectly enlightened he repeated the first stanza: "A Quail was in his feeding ground, when, swooping from on high, A Falcon came; but so it fell he came to death thereby." 1 Mara is Death, and is used by Buddha for the Evil One. ^ The passage is corrupt. We must read cak'khu-ddi-vinneya,' ' 42 The Jataka. Book II. When he had thus perished, out came the Quail, exclaiming, " I have seen the back of my enemy " and perching upon his enemy's breast, ! he gave voice to his exultation in the words of the second stanza : "Now I rejoice at my success: a clever plan I found To rid me of my enemy by keeping my own ground." This discourse at an end, the Master declared the Truths and identified the Birth — At the conclusion of the Truths many Brethren were established in the : Paths or their Fruition :— " Devadatta was the Falcon of those days, and the Quail was I myself."

''The heart that boundless pity feels" e^c. — This story the Master told at Jetavana, about the Scripture on Lovingkindness. On one occasion the Master thus addressed the Brotherhood " Brethren, : charity practised with all devotion of thought, [61] meditated upon, increased, made a vehicle of progress, made your one object, practised, well begun, may be expected to produce Eleven Blessings i, What are these eleven? Happy he sleeps and happy he awakes he sees no bad dreams men love him spirits ; ; ; guard him fire, poison, and sword come not near him ; quickly he becomes ; absorbed in mind his look grows calm he dies undismayed without need of ; ; ; further wisdom he goes to Brahma's heaven. Charity, Brethren, practised with — — renunciation of one's wishes " and so forth " may be expected to produce these Eleven Blessings. Praising the Charit}' which holds these Eleven Blessings, Brethren, a Brother ought to show kindness to all creatm-es, whether expressly commanded or not, he should be a friend to the friendly, aye a friend to the unfriendly, and a friend to the indifferent thus to all without distinction, : whether expressly bidden or not, he should show Charity he should show : sympathy with joy and sorrow and practise equanimity he should do his work ; by means of the Four Excellences. By so doing he will go to Brahma's heaven even without Path or Fruit. Wise men of old by cultivating charity for seven years, have dwelt in Brahma's heaven seven ages, each with its one period to wax and one to wane^." And he told them a story of the past. ^ The Eleven Blessings are discussed in the Questions of Milinda, iv. 4. 16 (traus. in the S. B. E., i. p. 279). - See Childers, Diet. p. 185 b. The belief still lives. Two gentlemen who visited the Chief of Chinese Lamaism and the High Priest of Buddhism in Pekin, in 1890, talked with them over the decline of Buddhism in this age. Both admitted it, the No. 169. 43 Once upon a time, in a former age, the Bodhisatta was born in a brahmin's family. When he grew np, he forsook his lusts and embraced the religious life, and attained the Four Excellences. His name was Araka, and he became a Teacher, and lived in Himalaya region, with a large body of followers. Admonishing his band of sages, he said, "A recluse must show Charity, sympathetic must he be both in joy and sorrow, and full of equanimity for this thought of charity attained by ; resolve prepares him for Brahma's heaven." And explaining the blessing of charity, he repeated these verses : "The heart that boundless pity feels for all things that have birth, In heaven above, in realms below, and on this middle earth, " Filled full of pity infinite, infinite charity, In such a heart nought narrow or confined can ever be." Thus did the Bodhisatta discourse to his pupils on the practice [62] of and its blessings. charity And without a moment's interruption of his mystic trance, he was born in the heaven of Brahma, and for seven ages, each with his time to wax and wane, he came no more to this world. After finishing this discourse, the Master identified the Birth " The band of : sages of that time are now the Buddha's followers and I myself am he that was ; the Teacher Araka."

[63] This Kakantaka Birth will be given below in the Maha-Ummagga Births. Buddhist attributing it to want of government support, while the Lama thought it was because this is a waning period in religion but as the waxing follows the waning ; he looked forward to a revival. (Baptist Missionary Herald, 1890.) 1 No. 538 in Westergaard's Catalogue. 44 The Jataka. Book II.

KALYANA-DHAMMA-JATAKA*. " king, when people hail m" etc. — This story the Master told in Jetavana, about a deaf mother-in-law. It is said that there was a squire in Savatthi, one of the faith, a true believer, who had fled to the Three Refuges, endowed with the Five Virtues. One day he set out to listen to the Master at Jetavana, bearing plenteous ghee and condiments of all sorts, flowers, perfumes, etc. At the same time, his wife's mother started to visit her daughter, and brought a present of solid food and gruel. She was a little hard of hearing. After dinner one feels a little drowsy after a meal she said, by way of — — keeping herself awake " Well, and does your husband live happily with you / do you agree together?" "Why, mother, what a thing to ask you could hardly ! find a holy hermit who is so good and virtuous as he!" The good woman did not quite take in what her daughter said, but she caught the word " Hermit — and cries she " — dear, why has your husband turned hermit " and a great ! to-do she made. Everybody who lived in that house heard it, and cried, "News the squire has turned hermit " People heard the noise, and a crowd gathered ! at the door to find out what it was. "The squire who lives here has turned hermit!" was all they heard. Our Squire listened to the Buddha's sermon, then left the monastery to return to the city. Midway a man met him, who cried " Why, master, they — do say you've tm-ned hermit, and all your family and servants are crying at home!" [64] Then these thoughts passed through his mind. "People say I have turned hermit when I have done nothing of the kind. A lucky speech must not be neglected this day a hermit I must be." Then and there he ; turned right round, and went back to the Master. " You paid your visit to the Buddha," the Master said, "and went away. What brings you back here again?" A The man told him about it, adding, " lucky speech. Sir, must not be neglected. So here I am, and I wish to become a hermit." Then he received the lesser and the greater orders, and lived a good life and very soon he attained to sainthood. ; The story got known amongst the community. One day they were discussing it all together in the Hall of Truth, on this fashion " I say, friend. Squire : So-and-so took orders because he said a lucky speech must never be neglected,' ' and now he has attained to sainthood " The Master came in and wanted to ! know what it was they were talking about. They told him. Said he, " Brethren, wise men in days long past also entered the Brotherhood because they said that a lucky speech must never be neglected " and then he told them a story of olden ; days. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta came into the world as a rich merchant's son; and when he grew up and his father died he took his father's place. Once he had gone to pay his respects to the king and his mother-in- : law came on a visit to her daughter. She was a little hard of hearing, and all happened just as it has happened now. The husband was on ^ No. 20 in Jataka-Mala : Qresfhi-jdtaka. No. 171. 45 his way back from paying his respects to the king, when he was met by a man, who said, "They say you have turned hermit, and there's such a hullabaloo in your house " The Bodhisatta, thinking that lucky words ! must never be neglected, turned right round and went back to the king. The king asked what brought him back again. " My lord," said he, " all my people are bewailing me, as I am told, because I have turned hermit, when I have done nothing of the kind. But lucky words must not be neglected, and a hermit I will be. I crave your permission to become a hermit ! " And he explained the circumstances by the following verses : [65] "0 king, when people hail us by the name Of holy, we must make our acts the same: We must not waver nor fall short of it; We must take up the yoke for very shame. "O king, this name has been bestowed on me: To-day they cry how holy I must be Therefore I would a hermit live and die; I have no taste for joy and revelry." Thus did the Bodhisatta ask the king's leave to embrace the religious life. Then he went away to the Himalayas, and becoming an ascetic he cultivated the Faculties and the Attainments and at last came to Brahma's heaven. The Master, having ended this discourse, identified the Birth : " Auanda was king in those days, and I myself was the rich Benares merchant."

DADDARA-JATAKA\ " Who is it with a mighty cry, etc." This is a story which the Master told at Jetavana about one Kokalika. At this time we hear that there were a number of very learned Brethren in the district of Manosila, who spoke out like young lions, loud enough to bring down the heavenly Ganges 2, [66] while reciting passages of scripture before the Community. As they recited their texts, Kokalika (not knowing what an empty fool he showed himself) thought he would like to do the same. So he went about among the Brethren, not however taking the Name upon him, but saying, "They don't ask me to recite a piece of scripture. If ^ Fausb^ll, Five Jdtakas, p. 45 (not translated) ; below, Nos. 188 and 189. - The Milky Way. See the Introd, Story to No. 1, above. 46 The Jataha. Book 11. they were to ask me, I would do it." All the Community got to know of it and they thought they would try him. " Friend Kokalika," said they, " give the Community a recital of some scriptures to-day." To this he agreed, not knowing his folly that day he would recite before the Community. ; He first partook of gruel made to his liking, ate some food, and had some of his favourite soup. At sundown the gong sounded for sermon time all the ; community gathered together. The yellow robe which he put on was blue as ' ' a bluebell his outer robe was pure white. Thus clad, he entered the meeting, ; greeted the Elders, stepped up to a Preaching Seat under a grand jewelled pavilion, holding an elegantly carved fan, and sat down, ready to begin his recitation. But just at that moment beads of sweat began to start out all over him, and he felt ashamed. The first verse of the first stanza he repeated but ; what came next he could not think. So rising from the seat in confusion, he passed out through the meeting, and sought his own cell. Some one else, a real scholar, recited the Scripture. After that all the Brethren knew how empty he was. One day the Brethren fell a talking of it in the Hall of Truth " Friend, it: was not easy to see formerly how empty Kokalika is but now he has given ; tongue of his own accord, and shown it." The Master entered, and asked what they were discussing together. They told him. He said " Brethren, this is not the first time Kokalika has betrayed himself by his voice the very same ; thing happened before;" and then he told them an old-world tale. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was reigning in Benares, the Bodhisatta was born as a young Lion, [67] and was the king of many lions. With a suite of lions he dwelt in Silver Cave. Near by was a Jackal, living in another cave. One day, after a shower of rain, all the Lions were together at the entrance of their leader's cave, roaring loudly and gambolling about as lions use. As they wei'e thus roaring and playing, the Jackal too lifted up his voice. " Here's this Jackal, giving tongue along with us ! " said the Lions ; they felt ashamed, and were silent. When they all fell silent, the Bodhisatta's cub asked him this question. " Father, all these Lions that were roaring and playing about have fallen silent for very shame on hearing yon creature. What creature is it that betrays itself thus by its voice ? '' and he repeated the first stanza : " Who is it with a mighty cry makes Daddara resound ? Who is it. Lord of Beasts 1 and why has he no welcome found ? At his son's words the old Lion repeated the second stanza " The Jackal, of all beasts most vile, 'tis he that makes that somid The Lions loathe his baseness, while they sit in silence round." " Brethren," the Master added, " 'tis not the first time Kokalika has betrayed himself by his voice it was just the same before;" and bringing his discourse to ; an end, he identified the Birth "At that time Kokalika was the Jackal, Rahula : was the young lion, and I was myself the Lion king." No. 173. 47

[68] ^^ Father, see.' a poor old fellow," e^c— This story the Master told \Yhilst staying in Jetavana, about a rogue. — The circumstances will be explained in the Uddala Birth 1, Book xiv. Here too the Master said, "Brethren, not this once only has the fellow turned out a rogue in days of yore, when he was a monkey, ; he played tricks for the sake of a fire." And he told a tale of days long gone by. Once iipon a time, when Brahmadatta was reigning in Benares, the Bodhisatta was born in a brahmin family in a village of Kasi. When he came of years, he received his education at Takkasila, and settled down in life. His lady in time boi-e him a son and when the child could just run ; to and fro, she died. The husband performed her obsequies, and then, said he, "What is home to me now? I and my son will live the life of hermits." Leaving his friends and kindred in tears, he took the lad to the Himalaya, became a religious anchorite, and lived on the fruits and roots which the forest yielded. On a day during the rainy season, when there had been a downpour, he kindled some sticks, and lay down on a pallet, warming himself at the fire. And his son sat beside him chafing his feet. Now a wild Monkey, miserable with cold, spied the fire in the leaf-hut of our hermit. " Now," thought he, " suppose I go in : they'll cry out Monkey ! Monkey ! and beat me back : I shan't get a chance of warming myself. —I have it ! " he cried. " I'll get an ascetic's di-ess, and get inside by a trick ! " So he put on the bark dress of a dead ascetic, lifted his basket and crooked stick, and took his stand by the hut door, where he crouched down beside a palm ti"ee. The lad saw him, and cried to his father (not knowing he was a monkey) " Here's an old hermit, sure enough, miserably cold, come to warm himself at the fire." [69] Then he addressed his father in the words of the first stanza, begging him to let the poor fellow in to warm himself " Father, see ! a poor old fellow huddled by a palmtree there ! Here we have a hut to live in let us give the man a share." ; 1 No. 487. 48 The Jdtaka. Book II. When the Bodhisatta heard this, up he got and went to the door. But when he saw the creature was only a monkey, he said, " My son, men have no such face as that ; 'tis a monkey, and he must not be asked in here." Then he repeated the second stanza : " He would but defile our dwelling if he came inside the door — — Such a face 'tis easy telling no good brahmin ever bore." The Bodhisatta seized a brand, crying " What do you want there ? " threw it at him, and drove him away. Mr Monkey dropt his bark garments, sprang up a tree, and buried himself in the forest. Then the Bodhisatta cultivated the Four Excellences until he came unto Brahma's heaven. When the Master had ended this discourse, he identified the Birth " This : tricky Brother was the Monkey of those days Rahula' was the hermit's son, and ; I myself was the hermit."

[70] — Plenty of water" etc. This story the Master told in his sojourn at '^^ Veluvana, about Devadatta. One day it happened that the Brethren were talking in the Hall of Truth about Devadatta's ingratitude and treachery to his friends, when the Master broke in, " Not this once only. Brethren, has Devadatta been ungrateful and treacherous to his own friends. He was just the same before." Then he told them an old story. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta was born into a brahmin family in a certain Kasi village, and when he grew of age, married and settled down. Now in those days there was a certain deep well by the highway in Kasi-land, which had no way Gotama Buddha's son. No. 174. 49 down to it. The people who passed by that way, to win merit, used to draw water by a long rope and a bucket, and fill a trough for the animals ; thus they gave the animals water to drink. All around lay a mighty forest, wherein troops of monkeys dwelt. It happened by a chance that two or three days the supply of for water ceased which wayfarers used to draw and the creatures could get ; nothing to drink. A Monkey, tormented with thirst, walked up and down by the well looking for water. Now tlie Bodhisatta came that way on some errand, drew water for himself, drank it, and washed his hands ; then he noticed our Monkey. Seeing how thirsty he was, the traveller drew water from the well and filled the trough for him. Then he sat down under a tree, to see what the creature would do. The Monkey drank, sat down near, and pulled a monkey-grimace, to frighten the Bodhisatta. " Ah, you bad monkey " said he, at this " when ! you were thirsty and miserable, [71] I gave you plenty of water; and now you make monkey-faces at me. Well, well, help a rascal and you waste your pains." And he repeated the fii^st stanza : " Plenty of water did I give to you When you were chafing hot and thirsty too Now full of mischief you sit chattering, With wicked people best have nought to do." Then this spite-friend monkey replied, " I suppose you think that's all I can do. Now I'll drop something on your head before I go." Then, repeating the second stanza, he went on " A well-conducted monkey who did ever hear or see ? I leave ray droppings on your head ; for such our manners be." As soon as he heard this the Bodhisatta got up to go. But at the very instant this Monkey from the branch where he sat dropt it like a festoon upon his head ; and then made off into the forest shrieking. The Bodhisatta washed, and went his way. [72] When the Master had ended this discourse, after saying " It is not only now that Devadatta is so, but in former days also he would not acknowledge a kindness which I showed him," he identified the Birth : " Devadatta was the Monkey then, and the brahmin was I myself." J. II, 50 The Jataha. Book II.

" There is no tribe" etc. —This is a story told by the Master in Jetavana, about a rogue. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was reigning in Benares, the Bodhisatta was boi-n in a brahmin family of Kasi. Coming of years, he went to Takkasila, and there completed his education. Then he embraced the religious life, cultivated the Faculties and the Attainments, and becoming the preceptor of a large band of pupils he spent his life in Himalaya. There for a long time he abode ; until once having to buy salt and seasoning, he came down from the highlands to a border village, where he stayed in a leaf-hut. When they were absent seeking alms, a mischievous monkey used to eiiter the hermitage, and turn everything upside down, spill the water out of the jars, smash the jugs, and finish by making a mess in the cell where the fire was. The rains over, the anchorites thought of returning, and took leave of the villagers; "for now," they thought, "the flowers and fruit are ripening on the mountains." "To-morrow," was the answer, "we will come to your dwelling with our alms; you shall eat before you go." So next day they brought thither plenty of food, solid and liquid. The monkey thought to himself, " I'll trick these peoi^le and cajole them into giving me some food too." So he put on the air of a holy man seeking alms, [73] and close by the anchorites he stood, worshipping the sun. When the people saw him, they thought, " Holy are they who live with the holy," and repeated the first stanza : "There is no tribe of animals but hath its virtuous one: See how this wretched monkey here stands worshipping the sun ! After this fashion the people praised our monkey's virtues. But the Bodhisatta, observing it, " You don't know the ways of a mis- replied, chievous monkey, or you would not praise one who little deserves praise ; adding the second stanza : " You praise this creature's character because you know him not He has defiled the sacred fire, and broke each waterpot." When the people heard what a rascally monkey it was, seizing sticks and clods they pelted him, and gave their alms to the Brethren. The sages returned to Himalaya ; and without once interrupting their mystic ecstasy they came at last to Brahma's heaven. At the end of this discourse, the Master identified the Birth " This hypocrite : was in those days the Monkey the Buddha's followers were the company of ; sages; and their leader was I myself."

[74] " A foolish moni-e>/,'" etc. — This story the Master told at Jetavana, about a king of Kosala. One rainy season, disaffection broke out on his borders. The troops stationed there, after two or three battles iu which they failed to conquer their adversaries, sent a message to the king. Spite of the season, spite of the rains he took the field, and encamped before Jetavana Park. Then he began to ponder. "'Tis a bad season for an expedition every crevice and hollow is full of water the road ; ; is heavy : I'll go visit the Master. He will be sure to ask whither away' then ' ; I'll tell him. It is not only in things of the future life that our Master protects me, but he protects in the things which we now see. So if my going is not to prosper, he will say It is a bad time to go, Sire ' but if I am to prosper, he will ' ; say nothing." So into the Park he came, and after greeting the Master sat down on one side. "Whence come you, King," asked the Master, "at this unseasonable hour?" "Sir," he replied, "I am on my way to quell a border rising; and I come first to bid you farewell." To this the Master said, " So it hapj^ened before, that mighty monarchs, before setting out for war, have listened to the word of the wise, and turned back from an unseasonable expedition." Then, at the king's request, he told an old story. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was reigning in Benares, he had a Councillor who was his right-hand man and gave him advice in things spiritual and temporal. There was a rising on the frontier, and the troops there stationed sent the king a letter. The king started, rainyseason though it camp in his park. The Bodhisatta was, and formed a stood before the king. At that moment the people had steamed some peas for the horses, and poured them out into a trough. One of the monkeys that lived in the park jumped down from a tree, filled his mouth and hands with the peas, then up again, and sitting down in the tree he began to eat. As he ate, one pea fell from his hand upon the ground. Down dropped at once all the peas from his hands and mouth, [75] and down from the tree he came, to hunt for the lost pea.But that pea he could not find ; so he climbed up his tree again, and sat still, very glum, looking like some one who had lost a thousand in some lawsuit. The king observed how the monkey had done, and pointed it out to the Bodhisatta. "Friend, what do you think of that?" he asked. To which the Bodhisatta made answer " King, this is what fools of little : wit are wont to do they spend a pound to win a penny " and he went ; ; on to repeat the first stanza : "A foolish monkey, living in the trees, O king, when both his hands were full of peas, Has thrown them all away to look for one : There is no wisdom, Sire, in such as these." Then the Bodhisatta approached the king, and addressing him again, repeated the second stanza : "Such are we, O mighty monarch, such all those that greedy be; Losing much to gain a little, like the monkey and the pea." [76j On hearing this address the king turned and went straight back to Benares. And the outlaws hearing that the king had set forth from his capital to make mincemeat of his enemies, hurried away from the borders. At the time when this story was told, the outlaws ran away in just the same fashion. The king, after listening to the Master's utterances, rose and took his leave, and went back to Savatthi. The Master, after this discourse was at an end, identified the Birth: "In those days Auanda was the king, and the wise coimcillor was I myself."

"All around us see them stand,'^ etc. This is a story told by the Master whilst at Jetavana, about perfect knowledge. As in the Mahabodhi Birth', and the Ummagga Birth 2, on hearing his own knowledge praised, he remarked, " Not this once only is the Buddha wise, but wise he was before and fertile in all resource;" and told the following old story. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was king in Benares, the Bodhisatta was born as a Monkey, and with a troop of eighty thousand monkeys he lived in Himalaya. Not far off was a village, sometimes inhabited and sometimes empty. And in the midst of this village was a tinduka^ tree, with sweet fruit, covered with twigs and branches. When the place was empty, all the monkeys used to go thither and eat the fruit. Once, in the fruit time, the village was full of people, a bamboo palisade set about it, and the gates guarded. And this tree [77] stood with all its boughs bending beneath the weight of the fruit. The monkeys began to wonder: "There's such and such a village, where we used to get fruit to eat. I wonder has that tree fruit upon it or no ; are the people there or no ? " At last they sent a scout monkey to spy. He found that there was fruit on the tree, and the village was crammed with people. When the monkeys heard that there was fi"uit on the tree, they determined to get that sweet fruit to eat; and waxing bold, a crowd of them went and told their chief. The chief asked was the village full or empty full, ; they said. "Then you must not go," said he, "because men are very deceitful." " But, Sire, we'll go at midnight, when everybody is fast asleep, and then eat ! " company obtained leave of their So this great chief, and came down from the mountains, and waited on a great rock hard by until the people retired to rest in the middle watch, when people ; were asleep, they climbed the tree and began eating of the fruit. A man had to get up in the night for some necessary purpose ; he went out into the village, and there he saw the monkeys. At once he gave the alarm ; out the people came, armed with bow and quiver, or holding any 1 No. 528. 2 No. 538 {Westergaard). ^ Diospyros Embryopteiis (Childers). 54 Tlie Jdtaka. Book II. sort of weapon that came to hand, sticks, or lumps of earth, and sur- " when dawn comes," thought they, " we have them " rounded the tree ; ! The eighty thousand monkeys saw these people, and were scared to death. Thought they, " No help have we but our Chief only ; " so to him they came, and recited the first stanza : "All around us see them stand, warriors armed with bow and quiver, All around us, sword iu hand: who is there who can deliver?" [78] At this the monkey Chief answered : " Fear not ; human beings have plenty to do. It is the middle watch now ; there they stand, thinking — We'll ' kill them ! ' but we will find some other business to hinder this business of theirs." And to console the Monkeys he repeated the second stanza "Men have ma.ny things to do; something will disperse the meeting; See what still remains for you ; eat, while fruit is left for eating." The Great Being comforted the monkey troop. If they had not had this crumb of comfort they would have broken their hearts and perished. When the Great Being had consoled the monkeys, he cried, "Assemble all the monkeys together " But in assembling them, there was one they ! could not find, his nephew, a monkey named Senaka. So they told him that Senaka was not among the troop. " If Senaka is not here," said he, " have no fear j he will find a way to help you." Now at the time when the troop sallied forth, Senaka had been asleep. Later he awoke, and could not see any body about. So he followed their tracks, and by and bye he saw all the people hastening up. " Some danger for our troop," thought he. Just then he spied, in a hut on the outskirts of the village, an old woman, fast asleep, before a lighted fire. And making as though he were a village child going out to the fields, Senaka seized a firebrand, [79] and standing well to windward, set light to the village. Then did every man leave the monkeys, and hurried up to quench the fire. So the monkeys scampered away, and each brought one fruit for Senaka. When this discourse came to an end, the Master identified the Birth " Mahanama Sakka was the nephew Senaka of those days Buddha's followers ; were the monkey troop ; and I myself was their Chief." No. 178. 55

K ACCHAPA- J ATAK A. " Here was I born," etc. — This story the Master told in Jetavana, how a man got rid of malaria 1. It is said that malarial fever once broke out in a family of Savatthi. The parents said to their son " Don't stay in this house, son make a hole in the : ; wall and escape somewhere, and save your life 2. Then come back again in — this place a great hoard is buried dig it up, and restore the family fortunes, ; and a happy life to you!" The young fellow did as he was bid; he broke through the wall, and made his escape. When his complaint was cured, he returned and dug the treasure up, with which he set up his household. One day, laden with oil and ghee, clothes and raiment, and other offerings, he repaired to Jetavana, and greeted the ]\Iaster, and took his seat. The Master entered into converse with him. " We hear," said he, " that you had cholera in your house. How did you escape it?" He told tlie Master all about it. Said he, " In days of yore, as now, friend layman, when danger arose, there were people who were too fond of home to leave it, and they perished thereby while those ; who were not too fond of it, but departed elsewhere, saved themselves alive." And then at his request the Master told an old-world story. Once on a time, when Brahmadatta was reigning in Benares, the Bodhisatta was born in a village as a potter's sou. He plied the potter's trade, and had a wife and family to support. At that time there lay a gi-eat natural lake close by the great river of Benares. When there was much water, river and lake were one but ; when the water was low, [80] they were apart. Now fish and tortoises know by instinct when the year will be rainy and when there will be a drought. So at the time of our story the fish and tortoises which lived in that lake knew there would be a drought ; and when the two were one water, they swam out of the lake into the river. But there was one Tortoise that would not go into the river, because, said he, "here I was born, and here I have grown up, and here is my parents' home : leave it I ! cannot ^ ahivatarogo occurs in the Coram, on Thevlgdthd (P. T. S. 1893), p. 120, line 20, but no hint as to its meaning is given. The word should mean, " snake-wind-disease," perhaps malarial fever, which e.g. in the Terai is believed to be due to snake's breath. Or is it possible that ahi, which may mean the navel, could here be the bowels, and some such disease as cholera be meant ? - It is noteworthy that here the same means is used to outwit the spirit of disease as is often taken to outwit the ghosts of the dead ; who might be supposed to guard the door, but not the parts of the house where there was no outlet. 56 The Jataha. Booh II. Then in the hot season the water all dried up. He dug a hole and buried himself, just in the place where the Bodhisatta was used to come for clay. There the Bodhisatta came to get some clay ; with a big spade he dug down, till he cracked the tortoise' shell, turning him out on the gi'ound as though he were a large piece of clay. In his agony the creature thought, " Here I am, dying, all because I was too fond of my home to words of these verses following he made his ! leave it " and in the moan : " Here was I boru, and here I lived ; my refuge was the clay And now the clay has played me false in a most grievous way ; Thee, thee I call, Bhaggava^; hear what I have to say! " Go where thou canst find happiness, where'er the place may be Forest or village, there the wise both home and birthplace see Go where there's life; nor stay at home for death to master thee." [81] So he went on and on, talking to the Bodhisatta, till he died. The Bodhisatta picked him up, and collecting all the villagers addressed them thus: "Look at this tortoise. When the other fish and toi'toises went into the great river, he was too fond of home to go with them, and buried himself in the place where I get my clay. Then as I was digging for clay, I broke his shell with my big spade, and turned him out on the ground in the belief that he was a large lump of clay. Then he called to mind what he had done, lamented his fate in two verses of poetry, and expired. So you see he came to his end because he was too fond of his home. Take care not to be like this tortoise. Don't say to yourselves, ' I have sight, I have hearing, I have smell, I have taste, I have touch, I have a son, I have a daughter, I have numbers of men and maids for my service, I have precious gold do not cleave to these ' ; things with craving and desire. Each being passes through three stages of existence^" Thus did he exhort the ci'owd with all a Buddha's skill. The discourse was bruited abroad all over India, and for full seven thousand years it was remembered. All the crowd abode by his exhortation and gave alms and did good until at last they went to swell the ; hosts of heaven. When the Master had made an end, he declared the Truths, and identified — at the conclusion of the Truths the young man was established in the the Birth : Fruit of the First Path : — saying, " Ananda was then the Tortoise, and the Potter was I myself." ^ " Addressing the potter." Schol. 2 World of Sense, World of Form, World of formless Existence.

[82] " What a trifle," etc. — This story the Master told while sojourning in Jetavana, about the twenty-one unlawful ways of earning a livelihood. At one time there were a great many Brethren who used to get a living by being physicians, or runners, doing errands on foot, exchanging alms for alms^, and the like, the twenty-one unlawful callings. All this will be set forth in the Saketa Birth-. When the Master found out that they got their living thus, he said, " Now there are a great many Brethren who get their living in unlawful ways. Those who get their living thus will not escape birth as goblins or disembodied si^irits they will become beasts of burden they will be born in ; ; hell ;for their benefit and blessing it is necessary to hold a discourse which bears its own moral clear and plain." So he summoned the Community together, and said, " Brethren, you must not win your necessaries by the one-and-twenty unlawful methods. Food won unlawfully is like a piece of redhot iron, like a deadly poison. These unlawful methods are blamed and rebuked by disciples of all Buddhas and Pacceka-Buddhas. For those who eat food gained by unlawful means there is no laughter and no joy. Food got in this way, in my religion, is like the leavings of one of the lowest caste. To partake of it, for a disciple of the Religion of the Good, is like partaking of the leavings of the vilest of mankind." And with these words, he told an old-world story. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta was born as the son of a man of the lowest caste. When he grew up, he took the road for some purpose, taking for his provision some rice grains in a basket. At that time there was a young fellow in Benares, named Satadhamma. He was the son of a magnifico, a Northern brahmin. He also took the road for some purpose, but neither rice grains nor basket had he. The two met upon the highway. Said the young brahmin to the other, "What caste are you of?" He replied, "Of the lowest. And what are youl" [83] "Oh, I am a Northern brahmin," "All right, let us journey ; together " and so together they fared along. Breakfast time came. The Bodhisatta sat down where there was some nice water, and washed his hands, and opened his basket. " Will you have some 1 " said he. "Tut, tut," says the other, "I want none, you low fellow." "All right," 1 The offence meant is giving a share of alms on one day, and receiving the like the next day, to save the trouble of seeking alms daily. ^ No. 237, which however only refers to no. 68. ; 58 The Jataka. Book II. says the Bodhisatta. Careful to waste none, he put as much as he wanted in a leaf apart fi-oni the rest, fastened up his basket, and ate. Then he took a drink of water, washed his hands and feet, and picked up the rest of his rice and food. " Come along, youug Sir," says he, and they started off again on their journey. All day they tramped along; and at evening they both had a bath in some nice water. When they came out, the Bodhisatta sat down in a nice place, undid his parcel, and began to eat. This time he did not oflfer the other a share. The young gentleman was tired with walking all day, and luuigi-y to the bottom of his soul; there he stood, looking on, and thinking, "If he offers me any, I'll take it." But the other ate away without a word. "This low fellow," thought the young man, "eats every scrap without a word. Well, I'll beg a piece I can throw away the ; outside, which is defiled, and eat the rest." And so he did he ate what ; was left. As soon as he had eaten, he thought " How I have disgraced — my birth, my clan, my family Why, I have eaten the leavings of a ! low born churl ! " Keen indeed was his remorse he threw up the food, ; and blood came with it. " Oh, what a wicked deed I have done," he wept, "all for the sake of a trifle!" and he went on in the words of the first stanza : [84] " What a trifle ! and his leavings ! given too against his will And I am a highborn brahmin! and the stuff has made me ill!" Thus did the young gentleman make his lamentation ; adding, " Why did I do such a wicked thing just for life's sake?" He plunged into the jungle, and never let any eye see him again, but there he died forlorn. When this story was ended, the Master repeated, "Just as the yoiing brahmin. Brethren, after eating the leavings of a low-caste man, found that neither laughter nor joy was for him, because he had taken improper food so whosoever has embraced this salvation, and gains a livelihood by unlawful means, when he eats the food and supports his life in any way that is blamed and disapproved by the Buddha, will And that there is no laughter and no joy for him." Then, becoming perfectly enlightened, he repeated the second stanza : " He that lives by being wicked, he that cares not if he sins. Like the brahmin in the story, has no joy of what he wins." [85] When this discourse was concluded, the Master declared the Truths and identified the Birth — at the conclusion of the Truths many Brethren entered : upon the Paths and the Fruit thei'eof — saying, " At the time of the story 1 was : the low-caste man."

" Tis hard to do as good men do" etc. — This stoiy the Master told whilst in Jetavaiia, about alms given in common. Two friends at Savatthi, young men ot good position, made a collection, providing all the necessaries to give the Buddha and his followers. They invited them all, provided bounty for seven days, and on the seventh presented them with all their requisites. The eldest of these saluted the Master, and said, sitting beside him, "Sir, amongst the givers some gave much and some gave little; but let it bear much fruit for all alike." Then he offered the gift. The Master's reply was " In giving these things to the : Buddha and his followers, you, my lay friends, have done a great deed. In days of old wise men gave their bounty thus, and thus offered their gifts." Then at his request he told a story. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta vi^as king of Benares, the Bodhisatta was born into a brahmin family of Kasi. When he grew up, he was thoroughly educated at Takkasila ; after which he renounced the world, and took up the religious life, and with a band of disciples went to live in Himalaya. There he lived a long time. Once having need to pi-ocure salt and seasoning, he went on pilgrimage through the country-side, and in course of it he arrived at Benares. There he settled in the king's park ; and on the following morning he and his company went a-begging to some village outside the gates. The people gave him alms. Next day he sought alms in the city. The people were all glad to give him their alms. They clubbed together and made a collection ; and provided plenty for the band of anchorites. After the presentation their spokesman offered his gift with the same words as above. The Bodhisatta replied, " Friend, where faith ^ is, no gift is small." And he I'eturned his thanks in these verses following : [86] "'Tis hard to do as good men do, to give as they can give, Bad men can hardly imitate the life which good men live. "And so, when good and evil go to j^ass away from earth. The bad are born in hell below, in heaven the good have birth." This was his thanksgiving. He remained in the place for the four months of the rains, and then returned to Himalaya where he practised ; all the modes of holy meditation, and without a single interruption continued in them until he joined the hosts of heaven. When this discourse came to an end the Master identified the Birth " At : that time," said he, "the Buddha's company was the body of ascetics, and I myself was their leader." ^ Gitta-pasddo.

ASADISA-JATAKA\ " Prince Peerless, skilled in archers' craft" etc. — This story the Master told at Jetavana, about the Great Eenunciation. The Master said, " Not now alone, Brethren, has the Tathagata made the Great Eenunciation in other days he : also renounced the white parasol of royalty, and did the same." And he told a story of the past. Once upon a time, when Brahraadatta was king of Benares, the [87] Bodhisatta was conceived as the son of the Queen Consort. She was safely delivered and on his nameday they gave him the name of Asadisa- ; Kumara, Prince Peerless. About the time he was able to walk, the Queen conceived one who was also to be a wise being. She was safely delivered, and on the nameday they called the babe Brahmadatta-Kumara, or Prince Heaven-sent. When Prince Peerless was sixteen, he went to Takkasila for his education. There at the feet of a world-famed teacher he learnt the Three Vedas and the Eighteen Accomplishments in the science of archery he ; was peerless then he returned to Benares. ; When the king was on his deathbed he commanded that Prince Peerless should be king in his stead, and Prince Brahmadatta heir apparent. Then he died after which the kingship was offered to Peerless, who refused, ; saying that he cared not for it. So they consecrated Brahmadatta to be king by sprinkling him. Peerless cared nothing for glory, and wanted nothing. While the younger bi'other ruled. Peerless lived in all royal state. The slaves came and slandered him to his brother " Prince Peerless wants ; to be king " said they. ! Brahmadatta believed them, and allowed himself to be deceived ; he sent some men to take Peerless prisoner. One of Prince Peerless' attendants told him what was afoot. He waxed angry with his brother, and went away into another country. When he was arrived there, he sent in word to the king that an archer was come, and awaited him. "What wages does he askl" the king enquired. " A hundred thousand a year." " Good," said the king ; " let him enter," Hardy, Manual of Buddhism, 114. The latter part of the story is given very ^ briefly in Mahdvastu 2. 82 — 3, Caraksepana Jataka. It is figured on the Bharhut Stupa, see Cunningham, p. 70, and plate xxvii. 13 and on the Sanchi Tope, see Fergusson, ; I'ree and Serpent Worship, pi. xxxvi. p. 181. No. 181. 61 Peerless came into the presence, and stood waiting. "Are you the archer? " asked the king. "Yes, Sire." "Very well, I take yon into my service." After that Peerless remained in the service of this king. [88] But the old archers were annoyed at the wage which was given him ; "Too much," they grumbled. One day it so happened that the king went out into his park. There, at foot of a mango tree, where a screen had been put up before a certain stone seat of ceremony, he reclined upon a magnificent couch. He happened to look up, and there right at the treetop he saw a cluster of mango fi-uit. " It is too high to climb for," thought he ; so summoning his archei's, he asked them whether they could cut off yon cluster with an arrow, and bring it down for him. "Oh," said they, "that is not much for us to do. But your majesty has seen our skill often enough. The newcomer is so much better paid than we, that perhaps you might make him bring down the fruit." Then the king sent for Peerless, and asked him if he could do it. "Oh yes, your Majesty, if I may choose my position." "What position do you want?" "The place where your couch stands," The king had the couch removed, and gave place. Peerless had no bow in his hand ; he used to carry it underneath his body-cloth ; so he must needs have a screen. The king ordered a screen to be bi'ought and si)read for him, and our archer went in. He doflfed the white cloth which he wore over all, and put on a red cloth next his skin then he fastened his girdle, and donned a red waistcloth. From a bag he took out a sword in pieces, which he put together and girt on his left side. Next he put on a mailcoat of gold, fastened his bow-case over his back, and took out his great ramshorn bow, made in several pieces, which he fitted together, fixed the bowstring, red as coral ; put a turban upon his head ; twirling the arrow with his nails, he threw open the screen and came out, looking like a serpent prince just emerging from the riven ground. He went to the place of shooting, arrow set to bow, and then put this question to the king. "Your Majesty," said he, "am I to bring this fruit down with an upward shot, [89] or by dropping the arrow upon it?" "My son," said the king, " 1 have often seen a mark brought down by the upward shot, but never one taken in the fall. You had better make the shaft fall on it." "Your Majesty," said the archer, "this arrow will fly high. Up to the heaven of the Four Great Kings it will fly, and then return of itself. You must please be patient till it returns." The king promised. Then the archer said again, " Your Majesty, this arrow in its upshot will pierce the stalk exactly in the middle : and when it comes down, it will not swerve a hair's-breadth either way, but hit the same spot to a nicety, and bring down the cluster with it." Then he sped the arrow forth swiftly. As the ari'ow went up it pierced the exact centre of the mango stalk. By the time the archer knew his arrow had reached the place of the Four Great Kings, he let fly another arrow with greater speed than the first. This struck the feather of the fii"st arrow, and turned it back ; then itself went up as far as the heaven of the Thirty-three Archangels. There the deities caught and kept it. The sound of the falling arrow as it cleft the air was as the sound of a thunderbolt. " What is that noise 1 " asked every man. " That is the arrow falling," our archer replied. The bystanders were all frightened to death, for fear the arrow should fall on them but Peerless comforted ; them. " Fear nothing," said he, " and I will see that it does not fall on the earth." Down came the arrow, not a hairbreadth out either way, but neatly cut through the stalk of the mango cluster. The archer caught the arrow in one hand and the fruit in the other, so that they should not fall upon the ground. " We never saw such a thing before " cried the ! onlookers, at this marvel. [90] How they praised the great man how ! they cheered and clapped and snapped their fingers, thousands of kerchiefs waving in the air In their joy and delight the courtiers gave presents ! to Peerless amounting to ten millions of money. And the king too showered gifts and honours upon him like rain. While the Bodhisatta was receiving such glory and honour at the hands of this king, seven kings, who knew that there was no Prince Peerless in Benares, drew a leaguer around the city, and summoned its king to fight or yield. The king was frightened out of his life. " Where is my brother?" he asked. "He is in the service of a neighbouring king," was the reply. " If my dear brother does not come," said he, "I am a dead man. Go, fall at his feet in my name, appease him, bring him hither !" His messengers came and did their errand. Peerless took leave of his master, and returned to Benares. He comforted his brother and bade him fear nothing ; then scratched ' a message upon an arrow to this effect: "I, Prince Peerless, am returned. mean to kill you all with I one arrow which I will shoot at you. who care for life make Let those their escape." This he shot so that it fell upon the very middle of a golden dish, from which the seven kings were eating together. When they read the writing they all fled, half-dead with fright. Thus did our Prince put to flight seven kings, without shedding even so much blood as a little fly might drink ; then, looking upon his younger brother, he renounced his lusts, and forsook the world, cultivated the Faculties and the Attainments, and at his life's end came to Brahma's heaven. In the Mahdvastu it is wrapt round it (2. p. 82. 14, parivethitva) ; so in Hardy. No. 181. 63 [91] "And this is the way," said the Master, "that Prince Peerless routed seven kings and won the battle after which he took up the ; religious life." Then becoming perfectly enlightened he uttered these two verses : " Prince Peerless, skilled in archers' craft, a doughty chief was he Swift as the lightning sped his shaft great warriors' bane to be. " Among his foes what havoc done yet hurt he not a soul ! He saved his brother; and he won the grace of self-control." _[92] When the Master had ended this discourse, he identified the Birth: " Ananda was then the younger brother, and I was myself the elder."

" — Elephant, a hero thou," etc. This story the Master told while staying at Jetavana, about Elder Nanda. The Master, on his first return to Kapila city, had received into the Community Prince Nanda, his younger brother, and after returned to Savatthi and stayed there. Now Father Nanda, remembering how as he was leaving his home, after taking the Bowl, in the Master's company, Janapadakalyani was looking out of a window, with her hair half combed, and she said •" Why, — Prince Nanda is off with the Master! Come back soon, dear lord!"— remembering this, I say, grew downcast and despondent, yellower and yellower, and the veins stood knotted over his skin. When the Master learnt of this, he thought, " What if I could establish Nanda in sainthood " To Nanda's cell he went, and sat on the seat which was ! offered him. "Well, Nanda," he asked, "are you content with our teaching?" "Sir," replied Nanda, "I am in love with Janapadakalyani, and I am not content." "Have you been on pilgi-image in tlie Himalaya, Nanda?" "No, Sir, not yet." "Then we will go." "But, Sir, I have no miraculous power; how can I go?" " I will take you, Nanda." So saying, the Master took him by the hand, and thus passed through the air. On the way they passed over a burnt field. There, upon the charred stump of a tree, with nose and tail half gone, hair scorched off, and hide a cinder, nothing but skin, all covered with blood, sat a she-monkey. " Do you see that monkey. Nanda?" the Master asked. "Yes, Sir." "Take a good look at her," said he. Then he pointed out, stretching over sixty leagues, the uplands of Manosila, the seven great lakes, Anotatta and the rest, the five great rivers, the whole Himalaya highlands, with the magnificent hills named of Gold, of Silver, and of Gems, and hundreds of other lovely spots. Next he asked, " Nanda, have you ever seen the abode of the Thirty-three Archangels?" [93] "No, Sir, never," was the reply. " Come along, Nanda," said he, " and I will show you the abode of the Thirty-three." Therewith he brought him to the Yellowstone Throne i, and made him sit on it. Sakka, king of the gods in two heavens, came with his host ^ The thi-one of Sakka (India). of gods, gave greeting and sat down on one side. His handmaids to the number of twenty-five million, and five hundred nymphs with doves' feet, came and made greeting, then sat down on one side. The Master made Nanda look at these five hundred nymphs again and again, with desire after them. " Nanda," said he, " do you see these dove's-foot nymphs ? " " Yes, Sir." " Well, which is prettiest— they or JanapadakalyanI ? " " Oh, Sir as that wretched ape was in ! comparison with JanapadakalyanI, so is she compared with these " " Well,! Nanda, what are you going to do?" "How is it possible, Sir, to win these nymphs?" "By living as an ascetic, Sir," said the Master, "one may win these nymphs." The lad said, " If the Blessed One pledges his word that an ascetic life will win these nymphs, an ascetic life I will lead." " Agreed, Nanda, I pledge my word." " Well, Sir," said he, "don't let us make a long business of it. Let us be off, and I will become an ascetic." The Master brought him to Jetavana back again. The Elder began to follow the ascetic life. The Master recoimted to Sariputta, the Captain of the Faith, how his yovmger brother had made him pledge himself in the midst of the gods in the heaven of the Thirty-three about the nymphs. In the same manner, he told the story to Elder Mahamoggallana, to Elder Mahakassapa, to Elder Anuruddha, to Elder Ananda, the Treasurer of the Faith, eighty great disciples in all ;and then, one after the other, he told it to the other Brethren. The Captain of the Faith, Elder Sariputta, asked Elder Nanda, " Is it true, as I hear, friend, that you have the Buddha's pledged word that you shall win the nymphs of the gods in the heaven of the Thirty-three, by passing your life as an ascetic? Then," he went on, " is not yovir holy life all bound up with womankind and lust ? If you live chaste just for the sake of women, what is the difference between you and a labourer who works for hire ?" [94] This saying quenched all the fire in him and made him ashamed of himself In the same way all the eighty chief disciples, and all the rest of the Brethren, made this worthy father ashamed. " I have been wrong," thought he in all shame and remorse, he screwed up his courage, ; and set to work to develope his spiritual insight. Soon he attained to sainthood. He came to the Master, and said, " Sir, I release the Blessed One from his promise." The Master said, " If you have attained sainthood, Nanda, I am thereby released from my promise." When the Brethren heard of this, they began to talk it over in their Hall of Truth. " How docile yon Elder Nanda is, to be siu-e ! Why, friend, one word of advice awakened his sense of shame ; at once he began to live as an ascetic and now he is a Saint!" The Master came in, and asked what they were talking about together. They told him. " Brethren," said he, " Nanda was just as docile in former days as he is now ;" and then he told them a story. Once upon a time when Brahmadatta was reigning in Benares, the Bodhisatta was born as an elephant-trainer's son. When he grew up, he was carefully taught all that pertains to the training of elephants. He was in the service of a king who was an enemy to the king of Benares. He trained this king's elephant of state to perfection. The king determined to capture Benares. Mounting upon his state elephant, he led a mighty host against Benares, and laid siege to it. Then he sent a letter to the king of the city: "Fight, or yield!" The king chose to fight. Walls and gates, towers and battlements he manned with a great host, and defied the foe. The hostile king armed his state elephant, and clad himself in armour, took a sharp goad in his hand, and drove his beast city-wards; "Now," No. 182. 65 said he, "I'll storm this city, and kill my enemy, and get his realms into my hands " But at sight of the defenders, who cast boiling mud, and ! stones from their catapults, and all kinds of missiles, the elephant was scared out of his wits and would not come near the place. Thereupon up came the trainer, crying, " Son, a hero like you is quite at home in the battlefield ! [95] in such a place it is disgraceful to turn tail ! " And to encourage his elephant, he uttered these two verses : " O Elephant, a hero thou, whose home is in the field There stands the gate before thee now why dost thou turn : and yield ? " Make haste break through the iron bar, and beat the pillars down ! Crash through the gates, made fast for war, and enter in the town!" The Elephant listened one word of advice was enough to turn him. ; Winding his trunk about the shafts of the pillars, he tore them up like so many toadstools he beat against the gateway, broke down the bars, and : forcing his way through entered the city and won it for his king. Wlien the Master had finished this discourse, he identified the Birth : — " In those days Nanda was the Elephant, Ananda was the king, and the trainer was I myself."

VlLODAKA-JATAKA.'. " This sorry drmight,^' etc. — This story the Master told whilst at Jetavana, about five hundred persons who ate broken meat. At Savatthi, we learn, were five hundred persons who had left the stumblingblock of a worldly life to their sons and daughters, [96] and lived all together sitting under the ]\Iaster's preaching. Of these, some were in the First Path, some in the Second, some in the Third not a single one but had embraced : salvation. They that invited the IMaster invited these also. But they had five hundred pages waiting upon them, to bring them toothbrushes, mouth-water, and garlands of flowers these lads used to eat their broken meat. After their ; meal, and a nap, they used to run down to the Aciravati, and on the river bank they would wrestle like veiy Malliaus^, shouting all the time. But the five hundred lay brethren were quiet, made very little noise, com'ted solitude. 1 The introductory story is varied in Dhamnuipada, Comm. p. 274. - The Malliaus were a tribe of professional wrestlers. J. II. 5 66 The Jdtaha. Booh II. The Master happened to hear the pages shouting. "What is that noise, Ananda?" he asked. "The pages, who eat the broken meat," was the reply. The Master said " Ananda, this is not the only time these pages have fed : on broken meat, and made a great noise after it; they used to do the same in the olden days and then too these lay brethren were just as quiet as they ; are now." So saying, at his request, the Master told a story of the past. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta was born as the son of one of his courtiers, and became the king's adviser in all things both temporal and spiritual. Word came to the king of a revolt on the frontier. He ordered five hundred chargers to be got ready, and an army complete in its four parts'. With this he set out, and quelled the rising, after which he retui-ned to Benares. When he came home, he gave order, " As the horses are tired, let them have some juicy food, some grape-juice to drink." The steeds took this delicious drink, then retired to their stables and stood quietly each in his stall. But there was a mass of leavings, with nearly all the goodness squeezed out of it. The keepers asked the king what to do with that. " Knead it up with water," was his command, " strain through a towel, and give it to the donkeys who carry the horses' provender." This wretched stuff the donkeys drank up. Tt maddened them, and they galloped about the palace yard braying loudly. From an open window the king saw the Bodhisatta, and called out to him. [97] "Look there! how mad these donkeys are from that sorry drink how they bray, how they caper ! But those fine thorobreds that ! drank the strong liquor, they make no noise they are. perfectly quiet, and ; jump not at all. What is the meaning of this?" and he repeated the first stanza : "This sorry draught, the goodness all strained ouf^. Drives all these asses in a drunken rout The thorobreds, that drank the potent juice. Stand silent, nor skip capering about." And the Bodhisatta explained the matter in the second stanza : " The low-born churl, though he but taste and try, Is frolicsome and drunken by and by : He that is gentle keeps a steady brain Even if he drain most potent liquor dry." When the king had listened to the Bodhisatta's answer, he had the donkeys driven out of his courtyard. Then, abiding by the Bodhisatta's ^ Elephants, horse, chariots, infantry. ^ Dhammapada, p. 275. No. 183. G7 advice, he gave alms and did good until he passed away to fai*e according to his deserts. When this discourse was ended, the Master identified the Birth as follows : " At thcit time these pages were the five hundred asses, these lay brethren were the five hundred thorobreds, Ananda was the king, and the wise courtier was I myself."

GIRID ANTA- J AT A K A. [98] " Thanh to the groom" etc. — This story the Master told while staying in Veluvana Park, about keeping bad company. The circumstances have been already recounted under the Mahililnuikha Jatakai. Again, as before, the Master said :"In former days this Brother kept bad company just as he does now." Then he told an old story. Once upon a time, there was a king named Sama, the Black, reigning in Benares. In those days the Bodhisatta was one of a courtier's family, and grew up to be the king's temporal and spiritual adviser. Now the king had a state horse named Pandava, and one Giridanta was his trainer, a lame man. The horse used to watch him as he tramped on and on in front, holding the halter and knowing him to be his trainer, imitated ; him and limped too. Somebody told the king how the hor.se was limping. The king .sent surgeons. They examined the horse, but found him perfectly sound and ; so accordingly made report. Then the king sent the Bodhisatta. " Go, friend," said he, "and find out all about it." He soon found out that the horse was lame because he went about with a lame trainer. So he told the king what it was. " It's a case of bad company," said he, and went on to repeat the first stanza : "Thanks to the groom, poor Pandava is in a parlous state: No more displays his former ways, but needs must imitate." 1 No, 26. 68 The Jataha. Book II. " Well, now, my friend," said the king, " what's to be doneV "Get a good groom," replied the Bodhisatta, " and the horse will be as good as ever." Then he repeated the second stanza : — [99] "Find but a fit and proper groom, on whom you can depend, To bridle him and exercise, the horse will quickly mend His sorry plight will be set right; he imitates his friend." The king did so. The horse became as good as before. The king showed great honour to the Bodhisatta, being pleased that he knew even the ways of animals. The Master, when this discourse was ended, identified the Birth — "Devadatta : was Giridanta in those days; the Brother who keeps bad company was the horse and the wise counsellor was I myself." ;

" Thiol- muddy wetter,^' e^c. -This story the Master told while staying in , Jetavana, and it was about a young brahmin. A young brahmin, as they say, belonging to Savatthi, had mastered the Three Vedas, and used to teach sacred verses to a number of young brahmins and kshatriyas. In time he settled down as a married man. His thoughts being now busy with wealth and ornaments, serving men and serving wonien, lands and substance, kine and buffaloes, sons and daughters, he became subject to passion, error, folly. This obscured his wits, so that he forgot how to repeat his formulee in due order, and every now and then the charms did not come clear in his mind. This man one day procured a quantity of flowers and sweet scents, and these he took to the Master in Jetaviina Park. After his greeting, he sat down on one side. [100] The Master talked pleasantly to him. " Well, young Sir, you are a teacher of the sacred verses. Do you know them all by heart?" "Well, Sir, I used to know them all right, but since I married my mind has been darkened, and I don't know them any longer." " Ah, young Sir," the Master said, "just the same happened before at first your mind was clear, ; and you knew all your verses perfectly, but when your mind was obscured by passions and lusts, you could no longer clearly see them." Then at his request the IMaster told the following story. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta was born in the family of a brahmin magnifico. When he grew up, he studied under a far-famed teacher of Takkasilii, whei-e he learnt all No. 185. 69 magic charms. After returning to Benares he taught these charms to a large number of brahmin and kshatriya youths. Amongst these youths was one young brahmin who had learnt the Three Vedas by heart ; he became a master of ritual', and could repeat the whole of the sacred texts without stumbling in a single line. By and bye he married and settled down. Then household cares clouded his mind, and no longer could he repeat the sacred verses. One day his teacher paid him a visit. " Well, young Sir," he enquired, " do you know all your verses off by heart 1 " " Since I have been the head of a household," was the reply, " my mind has been clouded, and I cannot repeat them." "My son," said his teacher, "when the mind is clouded, no matter how perfectly the scriptures have been learnt, they will not stand out clear. But when the mind is serene there is no forgetting them." And thereupon he i-epeated the two verses following : "Thick, muddy water will not show Fish or shell or sand or gravel that may lie below 2; So with a clouded wit: Nor your nor other's good is seen in it. "Clear, quiet waters ever show All, be it fish or shell, that lies below; [101] So with unclouded wit Both your and other's good shows clear in it." When the Master had finished this discourse, he declared the Truths, and identifiedthe Birth — at the conclusion of the Truths the young brahmin : entered upon the Fruit of the First Path " In those days, this youth was the : young brahmin, and I was his teacher."

DADHI-VAHANA-JATAKA^ "Sweet was once the mango's savour," etc. This story the Master told whilst dwelling in Jetavana, on the subject of keeping bad company. The circumstances were the same as above. Again the Master said: "Brethren, bad ' Or it may mean a pupil-teacher.' ' 2 There is an irregularity in this stanza, the Pali having au extra line. I have reproduced this by making line 2 of an irregular length. ^ Fausb^U, Five Jatakas, pp. 1 and 20; Bhys Davids, Buddhist Birth Stories, p. xvi. This tale belongs to the same group as Grimm no. 36, The Wishing Table, the Gold- Ass, and the Cudgel in the Sack; no. 54, The Knapsack, the Hat and the Horn (to which see tlie bibliographical note in Hunt's edition). company is evil and injurious why should one talk of the evil effects of bad ; company on human beings? In days long gone by, even a vegetable, a mango tree, whose sweet fruit was a dish fit for the gods, turned sour and bitter through the influence of a noisome and bitter nimb tree." Then he told a story. Ouce upon a time, when Brahmadatta was reigning in Benares, four brahmins, brothex's, of the land of Kasi, left the world and became hermits they built themselves four huts in a row in the highlands of ; the Himalaya, and there they lived. The eldest brother died, and was born as Sakka. Knowing who he had been, he used to visit the others every seven or eight days, and lend them a helping hand. One day, he visited the eldest of the anchorites, and after the usual greeting, took his seat to one side. [102] "Well, Sir, how can I serve you?" he enquired. The hermit, who <v'as suffering from jaundice, replied, " Fire is what I want," Sakka gave him a razor-axe. (A razoraxe is so called because it serves as razor or as axe according as you fit it into the handle.) "Why," said the hermit, "who is there to get me firewood with this 1 " " If you want a fire. Sir," replied Sakka, " all you have to do is to strike your hand upon the axe, and say — Fetch wood and ' make a fire ! ' The axe will fetch the wood and make you the fire." After giving him this razor-axe he next visited the second brother, and asked him the same question — "How can I serve you, Sir?" Now there was an elephant track by his hut, and the creatures annoyed him. So he told Sakka that he was annoyed by elephants, and wanted them to be driven away. Sakka gave him a drum. " If you beat upon this side. Sir," he explained, "your enemies will run away; but if you strike the other, they will become your firm friends, and will encompass you with an army in fourfold array." Then he handed him the drum. Lastly he made a visit to the youngest, and asked as before how he could serve him. He too had jaundice, and what he said was — "Please give me some cui'ds." Sakka gave him a milk-bowl, with these words : "Turn this over if you want anything, and a great river will pour out of it, and will flood the whole place, and it will be able even to win a kingdom for you." With these words he departed. After this the axe used to make fire for the eldest brother, the second used to beat upon one side of his drum and drive the elephants away, and the youngest had his curds to eat. About this time a wild boar, that lived in a ruined village, lit upon a gem possessed of magic power. Picking up the gem in his mouth, he rose in the air by its magic. From afar he could see an isle in mid-ocean, and there he resolved to live. So descending he chose a pleasant spot beneath a mango tree, [103] and there he made his abode. One day he fell asleep under the tree, with the jewel lying in front of him. Now a certain man from the Kasi country, who had been turned out of doors by his parerits as a ne'er-do-well, had made his way to a seaport, where he embarked on shipboard as a sailors' drudge. Iq mid-sea the ship was wrecked, and he floated upon a plank to this island. As he wandered in search of fruit, he espied our boar fast asleep. Quietly he crept up, seized the gem, and found himself by magic rising thi'ough the air ! He alighted on the mango tree, and pondered. " The magic of this gem," thought he, "has taught yon boar to be a sky-walker; that's how he got here, I suppose. Well I must kill him and make a meal of him ! flrst; and then I'll be ofi"." So he snapt off a twig, dropping it upon the boar's head. The boar woke up, and seeing no gem, ran trembling up and down. The man up in the tree laughed. The boar looked up, and seeing him ran his head against the tree, and killed himself. The man came down, lit a tire, cooked the boar and made a meal. Then he rose up in the sky, and set out on his journey. As he passed over the Himalaya, he saw the hermits' settlement. So he descended, and spent two or three days in the eldest brother's hut, entertaining and entertained, and he found out the virtue of the axe. He made up his mind to get it for himself. So he showed our hermit the virtue of his gem, and offered to exchange it for the axe. The hermit longed to be able to pass through mid-air', and struck the bargain. The man took the axe, and de^jarted but before he had gone very far, he ; struck upon it, and said " Axe smash that hermit's skull and bring the gem to me ! " Off flew the axe, clove the hermit's skull, and brought the gem back. Then the man hid the axe away, and paid a visit to the second brother. [104] With him the visitor stayed a few days, and soon discovered the power of his drum. Then he exchanged his gem for the drum, as before, and as before made the axe cleave the owner's skull. After this he went on to the youngest of the three hermits, found out the power of the milkbowl, gave his jewel in exchange for it, and as before sent his axe to cleave the man's skull. Thus he was now owner of jewel, axe, drum, and milk-bowl, all four. He now rose up and past through the air. Stopping hard by Benares, he wrote a letter which he sent by a messenger's hands, that the king must either tight him or yield. On receipt of this message the king sallied forth to But he beat on one side of his " seize the scoundrel." drum, and was promptly surrounded by an army in fourfold array. When he saw that the king had deployed his forces, he then overturned the milk-bowl, and a great river poured forth ; multitudes were drowned ^ This was one of the supernatural powers much coveted by Buddhists. 72 The Jataka. Book II. in the river of curds. Next he struck upon his axe. " Fetch me the king's head ! " cried he ;away went the axe, and came back and dropt the head at his feet. Not a man could raise hand against him. So encompassed by a mighty host, he entered the city, and caused himself to be anointed king under the title of king Dadhi-vahana, or Carried-on-the-Curds, and ruled righteously. One day, as the king was amusing himself by casting a net into the river, he caught a mango fruit, fit for the gods, which had floated down from Lake Kannamunda. When the net was hauled out, the mango was found, and shown to the king. It was a huge fruit, as big as a basin, round, and golden in colour. The king asked wliat the fruit was Mango, : said the foresters. He ate it, and had the stone planted in his park, and watered with milk-water. The tree sprouted up, and in three years it bore fruit. Great was the worship paid to this tree milk- water was poured about it ; perfumed ; garlands with five sprays' were hung upon it; wreaths were festooned about it a lamp was kept burning, and fed with scented oil ; and all ; round it was a screen of cloth. The fruit was sweet, and had the colour of fine gold. King Dadhi-vahana, before sending presents of these mangoes to other kings, [105] used to prick with a thorn that place in the stone where the sprout would come from, for fear of their growing the like by planting it. When they ate the fruit, they used to plant the stone ; but they could not get it to take root. They enquired the reason, and learnt how the matter was. One king asked his gardener whether he could spoil the flavour of this fruit, and turn it bitter on the tree. Yes, the man said he could so his ; king gave him a thousand pieces and sent him on his errand. So soon as he had arrived in Benares, the man sent a message to the king that a gardener was come. The king admitted him to the presence. After the man had saluted him, the king asked, " You are a gardener ?" " Yes, Sire," said the man, and began to sound his own praises. " Very well," said the king, "you may go and assist my park-keeper." So after that these used both to look after the royal grounds. The new comer managed to make the park look more beautiful by forcing flowers and fruit out of their season. This pleased the king, 1 The meaning of gandhapahcahgulikam is uncertain. Perhaps a garland in which sprouts or twigs were arranged radiating like the fingers of a hand. See Morris in J.P.T.S., 1884, s.v. See vol. i. p. 71 for a different rendering; but there gandhena pancaiigidikam datva seems rather to mean "making five-finger wreaths with scent." The spread hand is in many places a symbol used to avert the evil eye. In some villages of India it is marked on the house walls {North Ind. N. aiid Q., i. 42) it is ; carved on Phoenician tombstones (see those in the Biblioth^que Nationale in Paris) and I have seen it in all parts of Syria, on the houses of Jews, Christians, and Moslems. No. 186. 73 so that he dismissed the former keeper and gave the park into sole charge of the new one. No sooner had this man got the park into his own hands than he planted nimbs and creepers about the choice mango tree. By and by the nimbs sprouted up. Above and below, root with root, and branch with branch, these were all entangled with the mango tree. Thus this tree, with its sweet fruit, grew bitter as the bitter-leaved nimb by the company of this noxious and sour plant. As soon as the gardener knew that the fruit had gone bitter, he took to his heels. King Dadhi-vahana went a-walkiug in his pleasaunce, and took a bite of the mango fruit. The juice in his mouth tasted like a nasty nimb swallow it he could not, so he coughed and spat it out. Now at that time the Bodhisatta was his temporal and spiritual counsellor. The king turned to him. " Wise Sir, this tree is as carefully cared for as ever, and yet its fruit has gone bitter. What's the meaning of it]" and asking this question, he repeated the first stanza : — [106] " Sweet was once the mango's savour, sweet its scent, its colour gold What has caused this bitter flavour? for we tend it as of old." The Bodhisatta explained the reason in the second stanza : " Eound about the trunk entwining, branch with branch, and root with root. See the bitter creeper climbing that is what has spoilt yom* fruit ; And so you see bad company will make the better follow suit." On hearing this the Bodhisatta caused all the nimbs and creepers to be removed, and their roots i)ulled up ; the noxious soil was all taken away, and sweet earth put in its place ; and the tree was carefully fed with sweet water, milk-water, scented water. Then by absorbing all this sweetness its fruit grew sweet again. The king put his former gardener in charge of the park, and after his life was done passed away to fare according to his deserts. After this discourse was ended, the Master identified the Birth : — " In those days I was the wise counsellor."

"Sit and sing," etc. — This story the Master told while stiiying at Jetavana, about an old Brother. Once, we are told, two of the chief disciples were sitting together, questioning and answering when up came an old Brother, and ; 74 The Jdtaka. Booh II. made a third. [107] Taking a seat, he said, " I have a question too, Sirs, which I should like to ask you and if you have any difficulty, you may put it to me." : The Elders were disgusted ; they rose uf) and left him. The congregation who listened to the discourse of the Elders, after the meeting broke up, came to the Master he asked what brought them there untimely and they told him what had ; happened. He replied, " This is not the first time. Brethren, that Sariputta and Moggallana have been disgusted with this man, and left him without a word ; it was just the same in olden days." And he proceeded to tell a story of the past. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta became a tree-spi'ite that lived in a forest. Two young Geese flew down from Mount Cittakuta and perched upon this tree. They flew about in search of food, returned thither again, and after resting flew back to their mountain home. As time went on and on, the sprite struck up a friendship with them. Coming and going, they were great friends, and used to talk of religion to one another before they parted. It happened one day as the birds sat on the treetop, talking with the Bodhisatta, that a Jackal, halting at the foot of the tree, addressed the young Geese in the words of the following stanza : "Sit and sing upon the tree If in private you would be. Sit upon the groimd, and sing Verses to the beasts' own king!" Filled with disgust, the young Geese took wing and flew back to Cittakuta. When they were gone, the Bodhisatta repeated the second stanza for the Jackal's benefit : " Fairwing here to fairwing sings, God to god sweet converse brings; Perfect beauty', you must then Back into your hole again ! [108] When the Master had ended this discourse, he identified the Birth : " In those times the old man was the Jackal, Sariputta and Moggallana the two young Geese, and I myself was the tree-sprite." ' Lit. 'lovely in four iDoints,' i.e. as the schol. explains 'in form, in birth, in voice, in quality ' : said sarcastically. No. 188. 75

" Lioii's daws and lion's paivs," etc. — This is a story told by the Maater whilst at Jetavana, about KokiiUka. They say that Kokalika one day hearing a number of wise Brethren preaching, desired to preach himself; all the rest is like the circumstances given in a previous tale^. This time again the Master on hearing of it said, " Not this once only has Kokalika been shown up for what he was worth by means of his own voice the very same thing happened before." ; And he told a story. Once on a time, when Brahraadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta was a Lion in the Himalaya mountains, and he had a cub by a she-jackal wlio mated with him. The cub was just like his sire in toes, claws, mane, colour, figure— all these ; but in voice he was like his dam. One day, after a shower of rain, all the Lions were gambolling together and roaring ; the cub thought he would like to roar too, and yelped like a jackal. On hearing which all the Lions fell silent at once Another ! cub of the same sire, own brother of this one, heard the sound, and said, " Father, yon lion is like us in colour and everything except in voice. Who's he ? " in asking which question he repeated the first stanza : " Lion's claws and lion's paws, Lion's feet to stand upon; But the bellow of this fellow '' Sounds not like a lion's son ! [109] Li answer the Bodhisatta said, "It's your brothei", the Jackal's cub ; like me in form, but in voice like his dam." Then he gave a word of advice to the other cub — " My dear son, as long as you live here keep a quiet tongue in your head. If you give tongue again, they'll all find out that you are a Jackal." To drive the advice home he repeated the second stanza : "All will see what kind you be If you yelp as once before So don't try it, but keep quiet Youi's is not a lion's roar." After this advice the creature never again so much as tiied to roar. When the Master had finished this discourse, he identified the Birth " In : those days Kokalika was the Jackal, Rahula was the brother cub, and the king of beasts was I myself." 1 No. 172 ; compare no. 189. Kokalika is often alluded to in this way ; cp. nos. 117, 481.There is a story in the Cullavagga i. 18. 3, turning on a similar point a hen ; has a chick by a crow, and when it would cry cock-a-doodle-doo it caws, and vice versa (Vinai/a Texts, S. B. E., ii. p. 362). 76 The Jataka. Book II.

SiH AC AMM A- J ATAK A \ "Nor lion nor tiger I see" etc.— This story, like the last, was about Kokalika, told by the Master in Jetavana. This time he wanted to intone. The Master on hearing of it told the following story. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was reigning in Benares, the Bodhisatta was born in a farmer's family, and when he grew up he got a livelihood by tillage. At the same time there was a Merchant who used to go about hawking goods, which a donkey carried for him. Wherever he went, he used to take his bundle off" the ass, and throw a lionskin over him, [110] and then turn him loose in the rice and barley fields. When the watchmen saw this creature, they imagined him to be a lion, and so durst not come near him. One day this hawker stopped at a certain village, and while he was getting his own breakfast cooked, he turned the ass loose in a barley field with the lionskin on. The watchmen thought it was a lion, and durst not come near, but fledhome and gave the alarm. All the villagers armed themselves, and hurried to the field, shouting and blowing on conchs and beating drums. The ass was frightened out of his wits, and gave a hee-haw Then the Bodhisatta, seeing that it was a donkey, repeated the ! first stanza : "Nor lion nor tiger I see, Not even a leopard is he But a donkey the wretched old hack! With a lionskin over his back!" As soon as the villagers learnt that it was only an ass, they cudgelled him till they broke his bones, and then went off" with the lionskin. When the Merchant appeared, and found that his ass had come to grief, he repeated the second stanza : "The donkey, if he had been wise. Might long the green barley have eaten A lionskin was his disguise: But he gave a hee-haw, and got beaten ! 1 Fausbjill, Five Jutakas, pp. 14 and 39; Rhys Davids, Buddhist Birth Stories, p. V. This is Aesop's Ass in the Lion's Ski7i. As he was in the act of uttering these words, the ass expired. The Merchant left him, and went his way. After this discourse was ended, the Master identified the Birth : — " At that time KokaUka was the ass, and the wise farmer was I myself."

SiLANISAMSA-JATAKA. [Ill] "Behold the fruit of sacrifice" etc. — This story the Master told whilst staying in Jetavana, about a believing layman. This was a faithful, pious soul, an elect disciple. One evening, on his way to Jetavana, he came to the bank of the river AciravatI, when the ferrymen had pulled up their boat on the shore in order to attend service as no boat could be seen at the landing-stage, and our ; friend's mind being full of delightful thoughts of the Buddha, he walked into the river ^ His feet did not sink below the water. He got as far as mid-river walking as though he were on dry land but there he noticed the waves. Then his ecstasy ; subsided, and his feet began to sink. Again he strung himself up to high tension, and walked on over the water. So he arrived at Jetavana, greeted the Master, and took a seat on one side. The Master entered into conversation with him pleasantly. "I hope, good layman," said he, "you had no mishap on your way." " Oh, Sir," he replied, " on my way I was so absorbed in thoughts of the Buddha that I set foot upon the river Ijut I walked over it as though it had been dry ; ground !" "Ah, friend layman," said the Master, "you are not the only one who has kept safe by remembering the virtues of the Buddha. In olden days pious laymen have been shipwrecked in mid-ocean, and saved themselves by remembering the Buddha's virtues." Then, at the man's request, he told an old-world tale. Once upon a time, in the days when Kassapa was Supreme Buddha, a disciple, who had entered on the Paths, took passage on board ship in com- pany with a barber of some considerable property. The barber's wife had given him in charge of our friend, to look after him in better and in worse. A week later, the ship was wrecked in mid-ocean. These two persons 1 The resemblance to St Peter on the Sea of Galilee is striking. 78 The Jdtaka. Book II. clinging to one plank were cast up on an island. There the barber killed some birds, and cooked them, offering a share of his meal to the lay brother. " No, thank you," said he, " I have had enough." He was thinking to himself, "In this place there is no help for us except the Three Jewels'," and so he pondered upon the blessings of the Three Jewels. As he pondered and pondered, a Serpent-king who had been born in that isle changed his own body to the shape of a great ship. The ship was filled with the seven kinds of precious things. [112] A Spirit of the Sea was the helmsman. The three masts were made of sapphire, the anchor^ of gold, the ropes of silver, and the planks were golden. The Sea-spirit stood on board, crying " Any passengers for India ? The lay brother said, "Yes, that's where we are bound for." "In with you then on boai-d with you " He went aboard, and wanted to call ! his friend the barber. "You may come," says the helmsman, "but not he." "Why notl " " He is not a man of holy life, that's why," said the other; "I brought this ship for you, not for him." " Veiy well: the gifts I have given, the virtues I have practised, the powers I have developed — I give him the fruit of all of them ! " "I thank you, master ! " said the barber. " Now," said the Sea-spirit, " I can take you aboard." So he conveyed them both oversea, and sailed upstream to Benares. There, by his power, he created a store of wealth for both of them, and bespoke them thus. " Keep company with the wise and good. If this barber had not been in company with this pious layman, he would have perished in the midst of the deep." Then he uttered these verses in praise of good company : " Behold the fruit of sacrifice, virtue, and piety : A serpent in ship-shape conveys the good man o'er the sea. " Make friendship only with the good, and keep good company Friends with the good, this Barber covild his home in safety see." [113] Thus did the Spirit of the Sea hold forth, poised in mid-air. Finally he went to his own abode, taking the Serpent-king along with him. The Master, after finishing this discourse, declared the Truths and identified the Birth — at the conclusion of the Truths the pious layman entered on the : Fruit of the Second Path :— "On that occasion the converted lay brother attained Nirvana Sariputta was the Serpent-king, and the Sea-spirit was I myself." ; ' The Three Jewels are Buddha, the Law, the Order. For the seven precious things (or jewels), see Childers, p. 402 h. ^ lakaro or lahhuro. I do not know what the word means. Prof. Cowell suggests " anchor," the Mod. Persian for which is Jainjar.

"Even a bi-ok-en boiostrmg," etc. --Th\H story the Master told while dwelling in Jetavana, about temptation arising from a former wife. The circumstances will be explained in the Eighth Book, in the Indriya-Jataka^. Then the Master said to this brother, "That is a woman who does you harm. In former times, too, she put you to the blush before the king and his whole court, and gave you good reason to leave your home." And he told an old-world tale. Once upon a time, when king Brahmadatta was reigning in Benares, tlie Bodhisatta was born of his chief queen. He came of age, and his father passed away and then he became king and ruled in righteousness. ; The Bodhisatta had a chaplain named Rnhaka, and this Ruhaka had an old brahmin woman to wife. The king gave the brahmin a horse accoutred with all its trappings, and he mounted the horse and went to wait upon the king. As he rode along on the back of his richly caparisoned steed, the people on this side and that were loud in its praise : " See tliat fine horse ! " they cried ; " what a beauty " ! When he came home again, he went into his mansion and told his wife. [114] " Good wife," said he, "our horse is passing fine! Right and left the people ai-e all speaking in praise of it." Now his wife was no better than she should be, and full of deceit ; so she made reply to him thus. " Ah, husband, you do not know wherein lies the beauty of this horse. It is all in his fine ti-appings. Now if you would make yourself fine like the horse, put his trappings on yourself and go down into the street, prancing along horse-fashion ^ You will see the king, and he will praise you, and all the people will praise you." This fool of a brahmin listened to it all, but did not know what she purposed. So he believed her, and did as she had said. All that saw him laughed aloud : " There goes a fine professor ! And the " said they all. king cried shame on him. "Why, my Teacher," said he, "has your bile gone wrong 1 Are you crazy 1 " At this the brahmin thought that he must have behaved amiss, and he was ashamed. So he was wroth with his wife, and made haste home, saying to himself, "The woman has shamed me 1 No. 423. - Compare Pancatantra iv. 6 (Benfey, ii. p. 307). 80 The Jataka. Booh II. before the king and all his army : I will chastise her and turn her out of ! doors But the crafty woman found out that he had come home in anger she ; stole a march on him, and departed by a side door, and made her way to the palace, where she stayed four or five days. When the king heard of it, he sent for his chaplain, and said to him, " My Teacher, all womankind are full of faults you ought to forgive ; ; this lady " and with intent to make him forgive he uttered the first stanza : " Even a broken bowstring can be mended and made whole : Forgive your wife, and cherish not this anger in your soul." [115] Hearing this, Ruhaka uttered the second : "While there is bark^ and workmen too 'Tis easy to buy bowstrings new. Another wife I will procure ; I've had enough of this one, sure." So saying, he sent her away, and took him another brahmin woman to wife. The Master, after finishing this discourse, declared the Truths and identified the Birth — at the conclusion of the Truths the tempted Brother was established : in the fruit of the First Path " On that occasion the former wife was the same, : Ruhaka was the tempted brother, and I was the king of Benares."

SIRI-KALAKANNI-JATAKA ". ''Even though ivomen may he fair," etc. —This story will be given in the Mahaummagga- Jataka ^. 1 Reading mudnsu, ' fresh (bark),' from the fibre of which bowstrings were sometimes made. * Cf. Thibetan Tales, xxi. pp. 291 — 5, " How a Woman Requites Love." s No, 538 in Westergaard.

No. 193\ u )/ ^Tis I— no other" etc. — This story the Master told while dwelling at Jetavana about a backsliding brother. The circumstances will be explained in the Ummadanti Birth'^. When this brother was asked by the Master whether he were really a backslider, he replied that he was. " Who," said the Master, "has caused you to backslide?" He replied that he had seen a woman dressed up in finery, and overcome by passion he had backslidden. Then the Master said, " Brother, womankind are all ungrateful and treacherous wise men of old ; were even so stupid as to give the blood from their own right knee for them to drink, and made them presents all their life long, and yet did not win their hearts." And he told an old-world tale. [116] Once upon a time, when king Brahmadatta reigned over Benares, the Bodhisatta was born as his chief queen's son. On his name-day, they called him Prince Paduma, the Lotus Prince. After him came six younger brothers. One after another these seven came of age and married and settled down, living as the king's companions. One day the king looked out into the palace courts, and as he looked he saw these men with a great following on their way to wait ixpon himself. He conceived the suspicion that they meant to slay him, and seize his kingdom. So he sent for them, and after this fashion bespake them, " My sons, you may not dwell in this town. So go elsewhere, and when I die you shall return and take the kingdom which belongs to our family." They agreed to their father's words ; and went home weeping and wailing, " It matters not where we go ! " they cried and taking their ; wives with them, they left the city, and journeyed along the road. By and bye they came to a wood, where they could get no food or drink. And being unable to bear the pangs of hunger, they determined to save their lives at the women's cost. They seized the youngest brother's wife, and slew her; they cut up her body into thirteen parts, and ate it. But the Bodhisatta and his wife set aside one portion, and ate the other between them. Thus they did six days, and slew and ate six of the women and each ; day the Bodhisatta set one portion aside, so that he had six portions saved, * See Pancatantra iv. 5 (Benfey, ii. p, 305) ; Thibetan Tales, no, xxi, " How a Woman requites Love," 2 No, 527, J. U. 6 82 The Jataka. Booh II. On the seventh day the others would have taken the Bodhisatta's wife to kill her ; but instead he gave them the six portions which he had kept. " Eat these," said he ; " to-morrow I will manage." They all did eat the flesh ; and when the time came that they fell asleep, the Bodhisatta and his wife made off together. When they had gone a little space, the woman said, " Husband, I can go no further." So the Bodhisatta took her upon his shoulders, and at sunrise he came out of the wood. When the sun was risen, said she " Husband, I am thirsty " ! "There is no water, dear wife " said he. ! But she begged him again and again, until he struck his right knee with his sword, [117] and said, " Water there is none ; but sit you down and drink the blood here from my knee." And so she did. By and bye they came to the mighty Ganges. They drank, they bathed, they ate all manner of fruits, and rested in a pleasant spot. And there by a bend of the river they made a hermit's hut and took up their abode in it. Now it happened that a robber in the regions of Upper Ganges had been guilty of high treason. His hands and feet, and his nose and ears had been cut off, and he was laid in a canoe, and left to drift down the great river. To this place he floated, groaning aloud with pain. The Bodhisatta heard his piteous wailing. " While I live," said he, " no poor creature shall perish for me " and ! to the river bank he went, and saved the man. He brought him to the hut, and with astringent lotions and ointments he tended his wounds. But his wife said to herself, "Here is a nice lazy fellow he has fetched out of the Ganges, to look after " and she went about spitting for disgust ! at the fellow. Now when the man's wounds were growing together, the Bodhisatta had him to dwell there in the hut along with his wife, and he brought fruits of all kinds from the forest to feed both him and the woman. And as they thus dwelt together, the woman fell in love with the fellow, and committed sin. Then she desired to kill the Bodhisatta, and said to him, " Husband, as I sat on your shoulder when I came out from the forest, I saw yon hill, and I vowed that if ever you and I should be saved, and come to no harm, I would make offering to the holy spirit of the hill. Now this spirit haunts me : and I desire to pay my offering ! " Very good," said the Bodhisatta, not knowing her guile. He prepared an offering, and delivering to her the vessel of offering, he climbed the hill-top. [118] Then his wife said to him, " Husband, not the hill-spirit, but you are my chief of gods ! Then in your honour first of all I will offer wild flowers, and walk reverently No. 193. 83 round you, keeping you on the right, and salute you : and after that I will make my offering to the mountain spirit." So saying, she placed him facing a precipice, and pi'etended that she was fain to salute him in reverent fashion. Thus getting behind him, she smote him on the back, and hurled him down the precipice. Then she cried in her joy, "I have seen the back of my enemy " and she came down from the mountain ! and went into the presence of her paramour. Now the Bodhisatta tumbled down the cliff; but he stuck fast in a clump of leaves on the top of a fig tree where there were no thorns. Yet he could not get down the hill, so there he sat among the branches, eating the figs.It happened that a huge Iguana used to climb the hill from the foot of it, and would eat the fruit of this fig tree. That day he saw the Bodhisatta and took to flight. On the next day, he came and ate some fruit on one side of it. Again and again he came, till at last he struck up a friendship with the Bodhisatta. " How did you get to this place 1 " he asked and the Bodhisatta told ; him how. "Well, don't be afraid," said the Iguana; and taking him on his own back, he descended the hill and brought him out of the forest. There he set him upon the high road, and showed him what way he should go, and himself returned to the forest. The other proceeded to a certain village, and dwelt there till he heard of his father's death. Upon this he made his way to Benares. There he inherited the kingdom which belonged to his family, and took the name of King Lotus the ten rules of righteousness for kings he did not ; transgress, and he ruled uprightly. He built six Halls of Bounty, one at each of the four gates, one in the midst of the city, and one before the palace ; and every day he distributed in gifts six hundred thousand pieces of money. Now the wicked wife took her paramour upon her shoulders, and came forth out of the forest ; and she went a-begging among the people, and collected rice and gruel to support him withal. [119] If she was asked what the man was to her, she would reply, " His mother was sister to my father, he is my cousin ' to him they gave me. ; Even if he were doomed to death I would take my own husband upon my shoulders, and care for him, and beg food for his living ! " What a devoted wife ! " said all the people. And thenceforward they gave her more food than ever. Some of them also offered advice, saying, " Do not live in this way. King Lotus is lord of Benares he ; has set all India in a stir by his bounty. It will delight him to see you so delighted will he be, that he will give you rich gifts. Put your husband 1 The Sanskrit version says "his kinsfolk persecuted him," which gives a reason for the state he was seen in. 84 The Jataha. Book II. in this basket, and make your way to him." So saying, they persuaded her, and gave her a basket of osiers. The wicked woman placed her paramour in the basket, and taking it up she repaired to Benares, and lived on what she got at the Halls of Bounty. Now the Bodhisatta used to ride to an alms-hall upon the back of a splendid elephant richly dight ; and after giving alms to eight or ten people, he would set out again for home. Then the wicked woman placed her paramour in the basket, and taking it up, she stood where the king was used to pass. The king saw her. " Who is this 1 " he asked. "A devoted wife," was the answer. He sent for her, and recognised who she was. He caused the man to be put down from the basket, and asked her,"What is this man to you?" "He is the son of my — father's sister, given me by my family, my own husband," she answered. "Ah, what a devoted wife " cried they all for they knew not the ins ! : and outs of it and they praised the wicked woman. ; " What — is the scoundrel your cousin 1 did your family give him to you 1 " asked the king ; " your husband, is he 1 She did not recognise the king ; and " Yes, my lord " said she, as bold ! as you like. " And is this the king of Benares' son ?Are you not the wife of prince Lotus, the daughter of such and such a king, your name so and so? Did not you drink the blood from my knee? Did you not fall in love with this rascal, and throw me down a precipice ? Ah, you thought that I was dead, and here you are with death written upon your own forehead—and here am I, alive!" [120] Then he turned to his courtiers. "Do you remember what I told you, when you questioned me? My six younger brothers slew their six wives and ate them but I kept my wife unhurt, ; and brought her to Ganges' bank, where I dwelt in a hermit's hut I : hauled a condemned criminal out of the river, and supported him this ; woman fell in love with him, and threw me down a precipice, but I saved my life by showing kindness. This is no other than the wicked woman " who threw me off the crag : this, and no other, is the condemned wretch ! And then he uttered the following verses : " 'Tis I no other, and this qviean is she ; The handless knave, no other, there you see Quoth she 'This is the husband of my youth.' ; Women deserve to die they have no truth. ; "With a great club beat out the scoundrel's life Who lies in wait to steal his neighbour's wife. Then take the faithful harlot by and bye, And shear off nose and ears before she die." [121] But although the Bodhisatta could not swallow his anger, and ordained this punishment for them, he did not do accordingly; but he smothered his wrath, and had the basket fixed upon her head so fast that she could not take it off ; the villain he had placed in the same, and they were di-iven out of his kingdom. "When the Master had ended this discourse, he declared the Truths and identified the Birth : —at the conclusion of — the Truths the backsliding Brother entered on the Fruit of the First Path " In those days certain elders were : the six brothers, the young lady Giiica was the wife, Devadatta was the criminal, Ananda was the Iguana, and King Lotus was I myself"

"i.Vo gods are here" etc—Tlrm story the Master told during a stay in Veluvana, how Devadatta tried to kill him. Hearing that Devadatta went about to kill him, he said, " Brethren, this is not the only time that Devadatta has been trying to kill me he tried to do so before, and failed." Then he told ; them this story. Once upon a time Brahmadatta was reigning in Benares, when the Bodhisatta came to life as the son of a householder who lived in a village not far from the city. When he came to years, they fetched a young lady of family from Benares to marry him. She was a fair and lovely maiden, beautiful as a nymph divine, graceful like a twining creeper, ravishing as a sylph. Her name was Sujata ; she was faithful, virtuous, and dutiful. She always did duly her devoir to her lord and his parents. This girl was very dear and precious to the Bodhisatta. [122] So they two dwelt together in joy, and unity, and oneness of mind. On a day Sujata said to her husband, "I have a wish to see my mother and father." "Very good, my wife," replied he; "make ready food sufficient for the journey." He caused food of all sorts to be cooked, and placed the provisions in a waggon ; since he drove the vehicle, he sat in front, and his wife behind.To Benares they went and there they unyoked the ; waggon, and washed, and ate. Then the Bodhisatta yoked the oxen 86 The Jcitaka. Book II. again, and sat in front; and Sujata, who had changed her dress and adorned herself, sat behind. As the waggon entered the city, the king of Benares happened to be making a solemn circuit round the place mounted upon the back of a sjilendid elephant ; and he passed by that place. down Sujata had come out of the cart, and was walking behind on foot. The king saw her her : beauty so attracted his eye, that he became enamoured of her. He called one of his suite. "Go," said he, "and find out whether yon woman has a husband or no." The man did as he was bid, and came back to tell the king. "She has a husband, I am told," said he; "do you see that man sitting in the cart yonder? He is her husband." The king could not smother his passion, and sin entered into his mind. " I will find some way of getting rid of this fellow," thought he, " and then I will take the wife myself." Calling to a man, he said, " Here, my good fellow, take this jewelled crest, and make as though you were passing down the street. As you go, drop it in the waggon of yonder man." So saying, he gave him a jewelled crest, and dismissed him. The man took it, and went ; as he passed the waggon, he dropped it in ; then he returned, and reported to the king that it was done. " I have lost a jewelled crest " cried the king the whole place was in ! : an uproar. " Shut all the gates " the king gave order ! " cut off the outlets hunt : ! the thief " ! The king's followers obeyed. The city was all confusion ! The other man, taking some others with him, went up to the Bodhisatta, crying —" Hullo stop your cart ! [123] the king has lost a jewelled crest ! we must search your cart ! " And search it he did, till he found the jewel which he had put there himself. " Thief " cried he, seizing the Bodhi- ! satta ; they beat him and kicked him ; then binding his arms behind him they dragged him before the king, crying out — See the thief who " stole your jewel ! " " Off with his head was the king's command. They! " scourged him with whips, and tormented him at every street corner, and cast him out of the city by the south gates. Now Sujata left the waggon, and stretching out her arms she ran after him, wailing as she went " — my husband, it is I who brought you into this wof ul plight " The king's servants threw the Bodhisatta ! upon his back, with the intent to cut off his head. When she saw this, Sujata thought upon her own goodness and virtue, reflecting thus within herself; "I suppose there can be no spirit here strong enough to stay the hand of cruel and wicked men, who work mischief to the virtuous " and weeping and wailing she repeated the first stanza : " No gods are here they must be far away ; : No gods, who over all the world hold sway : Now wild and violent men may work their will, For here is no one who could say them nay." No. 194. 87 As this virtuous woman thus lamented, the throne of Sakka', king of the Gods, grew hot as he sat upon it. [124] "Who is it that would make me fall from my godhead 1 " thought Sakka. Then he was ware of what was befalling. " The king of Benares," he thought, "is doing a very cruel deed. He is making the virtuous Sujilta miserable; now I must go thither!" So descending from the godworld, by his own power he dismounted the wicked king from the elephant on whose back he was riding, and laid him upon his back in the place of execution, but the Bodhisatta he caught up, and decked him with all kinds of ornaments, and made the king's dress come upon him, and set him on the back of the king's elephant. The servants lifted the axe and smote off a head but it was the king's — head and when it was off, they knew that it was the head of the king. ; Sakka took upon him a visible body, and came before the Bodhisatta, and consecrated him to be king and caused the place of chief queen to be given ; to Sujata. And as the courtiers, the brahmins and householders, and the rest, saw Sakka, king of the gods, they rejoiced, saying, " The unrighteous king is slain now have we received from the hands of Sakka a king ! who is righteous " And Sakka stood poised in the air, and declared, ! " This your righteous king from this time forth shall rule in righteousness. If a king be unrighteous, God sends rain out of season, and in season he sends no rain and fear of famine, fear of pestilence, fear of the sword : these three fears come upon men for him." Thus did he instruct them, and spake this second verse : "For him no rain falls in the time of rain. But out of season pours and poims amain. A king comes down from heaven upon the earth. Behold the reason why this man is slain." [125] Thus did Sakka admonish a great concourse of folk, and then he went straight to his divine abode. And the Bodhisatta reigned in righteousness, and then went to swell the hosts of heaven. The Master, having ended this discourse, thus identified the Birth:— "At that time Devadatta was the wicked king Anuruddha was Sakka Sujata was ; ; Bahula's mother but the king by Sakka's gift was I myself." ; ^ Indra. : 88 The Jdtaka. Book II.

PABBATtrPATTHARA-JATAKA. " A happy lake^^ etc. This story the Master told while dwelling at Jetavana, about the king of Kosala. We are told that a certain courtier intrigued in the royal harem. The king inquired into the matter, and when he found it all out exactly he determined to tell the Master. So he came to Jetavana, and saluted the Master told him how; a courtier had intrigued, and asked what he was to do. The Master asked him whether he found the courtier useful to him, and whether he loved his wife. " Yes," was the reply, " the man is very useful he is the mainstay of my ; court and I do love the woman." *' Sire," replied the Master, " when servants ; are useful, and women are dear, there is no harming them. In olden days too kings listened to the words of the wise, and were indifferent to such things." And he told an old-world tale. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta was born into a courtier's family. When he came of age, he became the king's counsellor in things temporal and spiritual. Now one of the king's court intrigued in the harem, and the king " He is a most useful servant," thought he, "and the learnt all about it, woman is dear to me. I cannot destroy these two. [126] I will put a question to some wise man of my court ; and if I must put up with it, put up with it I will; if not, then I will not." He sent for the Bodhisatta, and bade him be seated. "Wise sir," said he, "I have a question to ask you." " Ask it, king I will make answer," replied the other. ! Then the king asked his question in the words of the first couplet : "A happy lake lay sheltered at the foot of a lovely hill. But a jackal used it, knowing that a lion watched it still." "Surely," thought the Bodhisatta, "one of his courtiers must have intrigued in the harem " ; and he recited the second couplet : " Out of the mighty river all creatures drink at will If she is dear, have patience the river's a river still." [127] Thus did the Great Being advise tlie king. And the king abode by this advice, and he forgave them both, bidding them go and sin no more. And from that time they ceased. And the king gave alms, and did good, till at his life's end he went to fill the hosts of heaven. No. 195. 89 And the king of Kosala also, after hearing this discourse, forgave both these people and remained indifferent. When the Master had ended this discourse, he identified the Birth: — "At that time Ananda was the king, and I myself was the wise councillor."

" Thei/ ivho will neglect," etc.—This story the Master told while staying in Jetavana, about a Brother who had become a backslider. When the Master asked him if it was really true that he was a backslider, the Brother replied that it was true. Being questioned for the reason, he replied that his passion had been aroused by seeing a finely dressed woman. Then the Master thus addressed him : "Brother, these women tempt men by their figure and voice, scents, perfumes, and touch, and by their wiles and dalliance thus they get men into their power ; and as soon as they perceive that this is done, they ruin them, character, wealth and all, by their evil ways. This gives them the name of she-goblins. In former days also a troop of she-goblins tempted a caravan of traders, and got power over them and afterwards, when they got sight of other men, they killed every ; one of the first, and then devoured them, crunching them in their teeth while the blood ran down over both cheeks." And then he told an old story. Once upon a time, there was in the island of Ceylon a goblin town called Sirisavatthu, peopled by she-goblins. When a ship is wrecked, these adorn and deck themselves, and taking rice and gruel, with ti-ains of slaves, and their children on their hip, they come up to the merchants. [128] In order to make them imagine that theirs is a city of human beings, they make them see here and there men ploughing and tending kine, herds of cattle, dogs, and the like. Then approaching the merchants they invite them to partake of the gruel, I'ice, and other food which they bring. The merchants, all unaware, eat of what is offered. When they have eaten and drunken, and are taking their rest, the goblins address them thus : " Where do you live 1 where do you come from ] whither are you going, and what errand brought you here?" "We were shipwrecked here," they reply. " Very good, noble sirs," the others make answer " 'tis three years ago since our own husbands went on board ship they; 90 The Jdtaka. Book II. must have perished. You are merchants too we will be your wives." ; Thus they lead them astray by their women's wiles, and tricks, and dalliance, until they get them into the goblin city then, if they have any ; othei's already caught, they bind these with magic chains, and cast them into the house of torment. And if they find no shipwrecked men in the place where they dwell, they scour the coast as far as the river Kalyani' on one side and the island of Nagadlpa on the other. This is their way. Now it happened once that five hundred shipwrecked traders were cast ashore near the city of these she-goblins. The goblins came up to them and enticed them, till they brought them to their city those whom they ; had caught before, they bound with magic chains and cast them into the house of torment. Then the chief goblin took the chief man, and the others took the rest, till five hundred had the five hundred traders; and they made the men their husbands. Then in the night time, when her man was asleep, the chief she-goblin rose up, and made her way to the house of death, slew some of the men and ate them. The others did the same. When the eldest goblin returned from eating men's flesh, her body was cold. The eldest merchant embraced her, and perceived that " she was a goblin. [129] " All the five hundred of them must be goblins ! " he thought to himself " we must make our escape : ! So in the early morning, when he went to wash his face, he bespake the other merchants in these words. " These are goblins, and not human beings ! As soon as other shipwrecked men can be found, they will make them their husbands, and will eat us ; come let us escape — ! Two lumdred and fifty of them replied, " We cannot leave them go : ye, if ye will, but we will not flee away." Then the chief trader with two hundred and fifty, who were ready to obey him, fled away in fear of the goblins. Now at that time, the Bodhisatta had come into the world as a flying horse ^, white all over, and beaked like a crow, with hair like muiija grass^, possessed of supernatural power, able to fly through the air. From Himalaya he flew through the air until he came to Ceylon. There he passed over the ponds and tanks of Ceylon, and ate the paddy that grew wild there. As he passed on thus, he thrice uttered human speech filled with mercy, saying— "Who wants to go home? who wants to go home?" The traders heard saying, and cried his — " We are going home, master ! " joining their hands, and raising them respectfully to their foreheads. " Then climb up on my back," said the Bodhisatta. Thereat some of 1 The modern Kaelani-gaiiga (Journ. of the Pali Text Soc, 1888, p. 20). * On one side of a pillar in a Buddhist railing at Mathura, is a flying horse with people clinging to it, perhaps intended for this scene (Anderson, Catalogue of the Indian Museum, i. p. 189). 3 Saccharum Mufija. No. 196. 91 them climbed up, some laid hold of his tail, and some remained standing, with a respectful salute. Then the Bodhisatta took up even those who stood still saluting him, and conveyed all of them, even two hundred and fifty, to their own country, and set down each in his own place ; then he went back to his place of dwelling. And the she-goblins, when other men came to that place, slew those two hundred and fifty who were left, and devoured them. The Master now said, addressing the Brethren " Brethren, even as these : traders perished by falling into the hands of she-goblins, but the others by obeying the behest of the wonderful horse each retmned safe home again so, ; even so, they who neglect the advice of the Buddhas, both Brethren and Sisters, lay Brethren and lay Sisters, [130] come to great misery in the f(jur hells, places where they are punished under the live fetters, and so forth. But those who abide by such advice come to the three kinds of fortunate birth, the six heavens of sense, the twenty worlds of Brahma, and reaching the state of imperishable Nirvana they attain great blessedness." Then, becoming perfectly enlightened, he recited the following verses : "They who will neglect the Buddha when he tells them what to do, As the goblins ate the merchants, likewise they shall perish too. "They who hearken to the Buddha when he tells them what to do. As the bird-horse saved the merchants, they shall win salvation too." When the Master had ended this discoiu-se, he declared the Truths and identified the Birth — at the conclusion of the Truths the backsliding Brother : entered on the Fruit of the First Path, and many others entered on the Fruit of the First, Second, Third or Fourth — " The Buddha's foUowei's were the two : hundred and fifty who followed the advice of the horse, and I was the horse myself."

" ffe smiles not^'' etc. — This story the Master told whilst dwelling at Savatthi, about a certain Brother. This Brother took a piece of cloth, deposited by his teacher, feeling confident that if he took it his teacher wovdd not be angry. Then he made a shoe-bag of it, and took his leave. When this teacher asked why he took it, he replied he had felt confident, if he did, that his teacher would not be angry. The teacher flew into a passion, [131] got up and struck him a blow. "What confidence is there between you and me?" he asked. This fact became known among the Brotherhood. One day the brothers were all together talking about it in the Hall of Truth. "Friend, young Brother " 92 The Jdtaka. Book II. So-and-so felt so confident of his teacher's friendship, that he took a piece of cloth, and made it into a shoe-bag. Then the teacher asked him what confidence there was between them, flew into a passion, jumped up, and gave him a blow." The Master came in, and asked them what they were talking of as they sat there together. They told him. Then he said, " This is not the first time. Brothers, that this man has disappointed the confidence of his fellow. He did the same before." And then he told an old-world tale. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta was born as a brahmin's son in the realm of Kasi. When he came of age, he renounced the world ; he caused to grow in him the Supernatural Faculties and the Attainments, and took up his abode in the region of Himalaya with a band of disciples. One of this band of ascetics disobeyed the voice of the Bodhisatta, and kept a young elephant which had lost its dam. This creature by and by grew big, then killed its master and made off into the forest. The ascetics did his obsequies; and then, coming about the Bodhisatta, they put this question to him. " Sir, how may we know whether one is a friend or an enemy ? This the Bodhisatta declared to them in the following stanzas : " He smiles not when he sees him, no welcome will he show, He will not turn his eyes that way, and answers him with No. "These are the marks and tokens by which yoiu" foe you see: These if a wise man sees and hears he knows his enemy." [132] In these words the Bodhisatta declared the marks of friend and foe. Thereafter he cultivated the Excellences, and entered the heaven of Brahma. When the Master had ended this discourse, he identified the Birth " The : Brother in question was he who kept the pet elephant, his teacher was the elephant, the Buddha's followers were then the band of hermits, and I myself was their chief."

" / come, my son," etc. — This story the Master told whilst living at Jetavana, about a brother who was a backslider. We hear that the Master asked him if he really were a backslider and he ; replied, yes, he was. Being asked the reason, he replied, "Because my passions 1 There are many variants of this story. Compare Gesta Ronianorum (Early Eng. Text Soc), no. 45, pp. 174 ff. ; Boke of the Knight de la Tour Landry (same series), p. 22. Compare no. 14.5. No. 198. 93 were aroused on seeing a woman in her finery." Then the Master said, " Brother, there is no watching women. In days of yore, watchers were placed to guard the doors, and yet they could not keep them safe even when you have got them, ; you cannot keep them." And he told an old-world tale. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta came into the world as a young parrot. His name was Radha, and his youngest brother was named Potthapada. While they were yet quite young, both of them were caught by a fowler and handed over to a brahmin in Benares. The brahmin cared for them as if they were his children. [133] But the brahmin's wife was a wicked woman; there was no watching her. The husband had to go away on business, and addressed his young parrots thus. am going away on business. Keep watch " Little dears, I on your mother in season and out of season ; observe whether or not any man visits her." So off he went, leaving his wife in charge of the young parrots. As soon as he was gone, the woman began to do wrong ; night and day the visitors came and went — there was no end to them. Potthapada, observing this, said to Radha — " Our master gave woman into our this charge, and here she is doing wickedness. I will speak to her." " Don't," said Radha. But the other would not listen. " Mother," " said he, " why do you commit sin 1 How she longed to kill him ! But making as though she would fondle him, she called him to her. " Little one, you are my son ! I will never do it again ! Here, then, the dear " ! So he came out ; then she seized him crying, " What you preach to me you don't know your measure " and she ! ! ! wrung his neck, and threw him into the oven. The brahmin returned. When he had rested, he asked the Bodhisatta: " Well, my dear, what about your mother does she do wrong, or no ? and as he asked the question, he repeated the first couplet : " I come, my son, the journey done, and now I am at home again Come tell me ; is your mother true? does she make love to other men?" Radha answered, " Father dear, the wise speak not of things which do not conduce to blessing, whether they have happened or not " ; and he explained this by repeating the second couplet : [134] " For what he said he now lies dead, burnt up beneath the ashes there It is not well the truth to tell, lest Potthapada's fate I share." Thus did the Bodhisatta hold forth to the brahmin and he went ; on — " Thisis no place for me to live in either " then bidding the ; brahmin farewell, he flew away to the woods. When the Master had ended this discourse, he declared the Truths, and identified the Birth :— at the conclusion of the Truths the backsliding Brother reached the Fruit of the First Path: — "Ananda was Potthapada, and I myself was Radha."

" / like not this," etc. This story the Master told, also about a backsliding Brother, during a sojourn in Jetavana, and in the course of his address he said, "Womankind can never be kept right; somehow or other they will sin and trick their husbands." And then he told the following story. Once upon a time, in the reign of Brahmadatta, king of Benares, the Bodhisatta was born in the realm of Kasi as a householder's son and : coming of age he mai-ried and settled down. Now his wife was a wicked woman, and she intrigued with the village headman. The Bodhisatta got wind of it, and bethought him how he might put her to the test. [135] At that time all the grain had been carried away during the rainy season, and there was a famine. But it was the time when the corn had just sprouted ;and all the villageis came together, and besought help of their headman, saying, "Two months from now, when we have harvested the grain, we will pay you in kind " so they got an old ox ; fi'om him, and ate it. One day, the headman watched his chance, and when the Bodhisatta was gone abroad he visited the house. Just as the two were happy together, the Bodhisatta came in by the village gate, and set his face towai'ds home. The woman was lookmg towards the village gate, and saw him. " Why, who's this ? " she wondered, looking at him as he stood on the threshold. " It is he ! " She knew him, and she told the headman. He trembled in terror. No. 199. 95 " Don't be afraid," said the woman, " I have a plan. You know we have had meat from you to eat make as though you were seeking the : price of the meat ; I will climb up into the granary, and stand at the door of it, crying, ' No rice here ! ' while you must stand in the middle of the room, and call out insisting, again and again, ' I have children at home " give me the price of the meat ! ' So saying, she climbed up to the granary, and sat in the door of it. The other stood in the midst of the house, and ci'ied, " Give me the pi'ice of the meat ! " while she replied, sitting at the granary door, " There is no rice in the granary ; I will give it when the harvest is home : leave me now ! The goodman entered the house, and saw what they were about. "This must be that wicked woman's plan," he thought, and he called to the headman. when we had some of your old ox to eat, we promised " Sir Headman, Not half a month has passed; to give you rice for it in two months' time. then why do you try to make us pay now 1 That's not the reason you are here you must have come for something else. I don't like your ways. : That wicked and sinful woman yonder knows that there is no rice in the garner, but she has climbed wp, and there she sits, crying [136] 'No rice " here ! ' and you cry ' Give ! ' I don't like your doings, either of you ! and to make his meaning cleai", he uttered these lines : " I like not this, I like not that ; I like not her, I say. Who stands beside the granary, and cries ' I cannot pay ! "Nor you, nor you, Sir! listen now: my means and store are small; — You gave me once a skinny cow, and two months' grace withal Now, ere the day, yon bid me pay ! I like it not at all." So saying, he seized the headman by the lock of hair on the top of his head, dragged him out into the courtyard, threw him down, and as he cried, " I'm the Headman ! " mocked him thus — " Damages, please, for injury done to the chattels under another man's watch and ward ! " while he thrashed him man was faint. Then he took him by the neck till the and cast him out of the house. The wicked woman he seized by the hair of her head, pulled lier away from the garner, knocked her down, and threatened her "If you ever do this kind of thing again, I'll make you remember it ! From that day forward the headman durst not even look at that house, and the woman did not dare to ti'ansgress even in thought. [137] When this discourse was ended, the Master declared the Truths, at the conclusion of which the backsliding Brother reached the Fruit of the First Path — " The goodman who punished that headman was I myself." : 96 The Jdtaka. Booh II.

" One is good,^' etc. — This story the Master told while dwelling at Jetavana, about a brahmin. This man, we are told, had four daughters. Four suitors wooed them one ; was fine and handsome, one was old and well advanced in years, the third a man of family, and the fourth was good. He thought to himself, " When a man is settling his daughters and disposing of them, whom should he give them to ? the handsome man or the oldish man, or one of the other two, the highly born or the very virtuous man?" Ponder as he would, he could not decide. So he thought he would tell the matter to the Supreme Buddha, who would be sure to know and then he would give the girls to the most suitable wooer. So he had a quantity of perfumes and garlands prepared, and visited the monastery. Saluting the Master, he sat on one side, and told him everything from beginning to end then he asked, "To which of these four should I give my daughters?" To this the Master replied, " In olden days, as now, wise men asked this question but ; now that re-birth has confused your memory, you cannot remember the case." And then at his request the Master told an old-world tale. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta ruled in Benares, the Bodhisatta was born as a brahmin's son. He came of age, and received his education at Takkasila then on returning ; he became a famous teacher. Now thei'e was a brahmin who had four daughters. These four wei-e wooed by four persons as told above. The brahmin could not decide to whom to give them. "I will enquire of the teacher," he thought, "and then he shall have them to whom they should be given." So he came into the teacher's presence, and repeated the first couplet : " One is good, and one is noble ; one has beauty, one has years. Answer me this question, brahmin ;of the four, which best appears ? [138] Hearing this, the teacher replied, "Even though there be beauty and the like qualities, a man is to be despised if he fail in virtue. Therefore the former is not the measure of a man those that I like are the ; virtuous." And in explanation of this matter, he repeated the second couplet : " Good is beauty : to the aged show respect, for this is right Good is noble birth ; — but virtue virtue, that is delight." my When the brahmin heard this, he gave all his daughters to the vii-tuous wooei'. The Master, when this discourse was ended, declared the Truths and identified the Birth :— at the conchision of the Truths the brahmin attained the Fruit of the First Path :— " This brahmin was the brahmin then, and the famous teacher was I myself."

[139] ''J^ot iron fetters," eic— This story the Master told whilst staying in Jetavana, about the prison-house. At the time of this story we hear that a gang of bui'glars, highwaymen, a,nd murderers had been caught and haled before the king of Kosala. The king ordered them to be made fest with chains, and ropes, and fetters. Thirty country Brothers, desirous of seeing the Master, had paid him a visit and offered their salutations. Next day, as they were seeking alms, they passed the prison and noticed these rascals. In the evening, after their return from the day's rounds, they approached the Buddha " Sir," they said, " to-day, as we were seeking : alms, we saw in the prison-house a number of criminals bound fast in chains and fetters, being in great misery. They could not break these fetters, and run away. Is there any fetter stronger than these?" The Master replied, " Brethren, those are fetters, it is true but the fetters ; which consist of a craving for wealth, corn, sons, wives and children are stronger than they are an hundred-fold, nay a thousand-fold. Yet even those fetters, hard to break as they are, have been broken by wise men of the olden time, who went to Himalaya and became anchorites." Then he told them an old-world tale. Onqe upon a time, while Brahmadatta ruled over Benares, the Bodhisatta was born into a poor man's family. When he grew up, his father died. He earned wages, and supported his mother. His mother, much against his will, brought a wife home for him, and soon after died. Now his wife conceived. Not knowing that she had conceived, he said to her, " Wife, you must earn your living ; I will renounce the world." Then said she, "Nay, for I am with child. [140] Wait and see the child that is born of me, and then go and become a hermit." To this he agreed. So when she was delivered, he said, " Now, wife, you are safely delivered, and I must turn hermit." "Wait," said she, "till the time when the child is weaned." And after that she conceived again. " If I agree to her request," thought the Bodhisatta, " I shall never get away at all. word to her, and become a I will flee without saying a hermit." So he told her nothing, but rose up in the night, and fled away. J. II. 7 " — 98 The Jdtaka. Booh II. The city guards seized him. " I have a mother to support," said he "let me go " thus he made them let him go free, and after staying in a ! certain place, he passed out by the chief gate and made his way to the Himalayas, where he lived as a recluse ; and caused the Supernatural Faculties and the Attainments to spring up within him, as he dwelt in the rapture of meditation. As he dwelt there, he exulted, saying "The bond of wife and child, the bond of passion, so hard to break, is broken ! " and he uttered these lines : "Not iron fetters —so the wise have told Not ropes, or bars of wood, so fast can hold As passion, and the love of child or wife, Of precious gems and earrings of fine gold. "These heavy fetters — who is there can find Release from such ? these are the ties that bind : These if the wise can burst, then they are free. Leaving all love and all desire behind ! [141] And the Bodhisatta, after uttering this aspiration, without breaking the charm of his ecstasy attained to Brahma's world. When the Master had ended this discourse, he declared the Truths at the : conclusion of the Truths, some entered the First Path, some the Second, some the Third, and some the Fourth " In the story, Mahamaya was the mother, : King Suddhodana was the father, Rahula's mother was the wife, Rahula himself the son, and I was the man who left his family and became an anchorite."

KELI-SiLA-JATAKA. [142] " Geese, herons, elephants," etc. — This story the Master told while dwelling at J etavana, about Lakuntaka the venerable and good. Now this venerable Lakuiitaka, we learn, was well known in the faith ' of the Buddha, a famous man,' speaking sweet words, a honeyed preacher, of keen discernment, with his passions perfectly subdued, but in statm-e the smallest of all the eighty Elders, no bigger than a novice, like a dwarf kept for amusement. One day, he had been to the gate of Jetavana to salute the Buddha, when thirty brothers from the country arrived at the gate on their way to salute him too. When they saw the Elder, they imagined him to be some novice; they pulled the corner of his robe, they caught his hands, held his head, tweaked his nose, got him by the ears and shook him, and handled him very rudely ; then after putting aside their bowl and robe, they visited the Master and saluted him. Next they asked him, " Sir, we understand that you have an Elder who goes by the name of Lakuntaka the Good, a honeyed jM-eacher. Where is he?" "Do you want to see him?" the Master asked. "Yes, Sir." " He is the man you saw by the gate, and twitched his robe and pulled him about with great rudeness before you came here." " Why, Sir," asked they, "how is it that a man devoted to prayer, full of high aspirations, a true disciple— how is it he is so insignificant?" "Because of his own sins," answered the Master; and at their request he told them an old-world tale. Once upon a time, when king Brahmadatta reigned in Benares, the Bodhisatta became Sakka, king of the gods. Brahmadatta could not endure to look upon anything old or decrepit, whether elephant, horse, ox, or what not. He was full of pranks, and whenever he saw any such, he would chase them away; old cai'ts he had broken up; any old women that he saw he sent for, and beat upon the belly, then stood them up again and gave them a scare he made old men roll about and play on the ground ; like tumblers. If he saw none, but only heard that there was a greybeard in such and such a town, [143] he sent for him thence and took his sport with him. At this the people for very shame sent their parents outside the boundaries of the kingdom. No more did men tend or care for their mother and father. The king's friends were as wanton as he. As men died, they filled up the four' worlds of unhappiness the company of the ; gods gi-ew less and less. Sakka saw that there were no newcomers among the gods and he ; cast about him what was to be done. At last he hit upon a plan. "I will humble him " thought Sakka and he took upon him the form of an old ! ; man, and placing two jars of buttermilk in a crazy old waggon, he yoked to it a pair of old oxen, and set out upon a feast day. Brahmadatta, mounted upon a richly caparisoned elephant, was making a solemn procession about the city, which was all decorated and Sakka, clad in rags, ; and driving this cart, came to meet the king. When the king saw the old cart, he shouted, "Away with that cart, you!" But his people answered, " Where is it, my lord? we cannot see any cart! " (for Sakka by his power let it be seen by no one but the king). And, coming up to the king repeatedly, at last Sakka, still driving his cart, smashed one of the jars upon the king's head, and made him turn round then he smashed the; other in like manner. And the buttermilk trickled down on either side of his head. Thus was the king plagued and tormented, and made miserable by Sakka's doings. 1 The four ax)dye = 'iiel\, birth as an animal, birth as a pcta (ghost), birth among the asaras (Titans or fallen spirits). 100 The Jataka. Book II. When Sakka saw Ms distress, be made the cart disappear, and took his proper shape again. Poised in mid-air, thiniderbolt in hand, he upbraided him —" Will you never become wicked and unrighteous king ! old yourself 1 will not age assail you 1 Yet you sport and mock, and do despite to those who are old It is through you alone, and these doings of ! yours, that men die on every hand, and fill up the four worlds of unhappiness, and that men cannot care for their parents' welfare If you do ! not cease from this, I will cleave your head with my thunderbolt. Go, and do so no more." With this rebuke, he declared the worth of parents, and made known the advantage of reverencing old age ; after which discourse he departed to his own place. From that time forward the king never so much as thought of doing anything like what he had done before. [144] This story ended, the Master, becoming perfectly enlightened, recited these two couplets : " Geese, herons, elephants, and spotted deer Though all unlike, alike the lion fear. "Even so, a child is great if he be clever; Fools may be big, but great they can be never i." AVhen this discourse was ended, the IMaster declared the Truths and identified the Birth : at the conclusion of the Truths some of those Brethren entered on the First Path, some on the Second, and some upon the Fourth "The excellent : Lakuntaka was the king in the story, who made people the butt for his jests and then became a butt himself, whilst I myself was Sakka."

'''^Virupaklcha snakes I love," etc. — This story the Master told whilst living at Jetavana, about a certain brother. As he sat, we are told, at the door of his living room, chopping sticks, a snake crept out of a rotten log, and bit his toe he died on the s^^ot. All the ; monastery learnt how he had come by his sudden death. In the Hall of Truth ^ These lines occur in Samyutta-Nikaya, pt. ii. xxi. 6 (ii. p. 279, ed. P. T. S.). * See CuUavagija v. 6 (iii. 75 in Vinaya Texts, S.B.E.), where the verses occur again. The verses partly recur in the Bower MS,' a Sanskrit MS lately found in the ' No. 203. 101 they began talking about it; saying how Brother So-and-so was sitting at his door, chopping wood, when a snake bit him, and he died immediately of the bite. [145] The Master came in, and wanted to know what they were discussing as they sat there together. They told him. Said he, "Brethren, if our brother had practised kindness towards the four royal races of serpents, that snake would not have bitten him wise anchorites in by-gone days, before the Buddha was born, by : using kindness to these four royal races, were released from the fear that sprang from these serpents." Then he told them an old-world tale. Once upon a time, during the reign of Brahmadatta king of Benares, the Bodhisatta came into the world as a young brahmin of Kasi. When he came of age, he quelled his passions and took upon him the life of an ascetic ; he developed the Supernatural Faculties and the Attainments he built an hermitage by the bend of the Ganges near the foot of Himalaya, and there he dwelt, surrounded by a band of ascetics, lost in the rapture of meditation. At that time there were many kinds of snakes upon the Ganges bank, which did mischief to the hermits, and many of them perished by snakebite. The ascetics told the matter to the Bodhisatta. He summoned all the ascetics to meet him, and thus addressed them : "If you showed goodwill to the four royal races of snakes, no serpents would bite you. Therefore from this time forward do you show goodwill to the four i-oyal races." Then he added this verse : " Virupakkha snakes I love, Erapatha snakes I love, Chabbyaputta snakes I love, Kanhagotamas I love." After thus naming the four royal families of the snakes, he added : " If you can cultivate goodwill towards these, no snake creature will bite you or do you harm." Then he repeated the second verse : — [146] "Creatures all beneath the sun. Two feet, four feet, more, or none How I love you, every one ! Having declared the nature of the love within him, he uttered another verse by way of prayer : "Creatures all, two feet or four. You with none, and you with more. Do not hurt me, I implore ! ruins of an ancient city in Kashgaria (see J.P.T.S., 1893, p. 64). The kinds of snakes mentioned cannot be identified. Snake charms are extremely common in Sanskrit; there are many in the Atharva Veda. 102 The Jataha. Booh II. Then again, in general terms, he repeated one verse more : "All ye creatures that have birth, Breathe, and move upon the earth, Happy be ye, one and all. Never into mischief fall^." [147] Thus did he set forth how one must show love and goodwill to all creatures without distinction; he reminded his hearers of the virtues of the Three Treasures, saying — "Infinite is the Buddha, infinite the Law, and the Order infinite." He said, " Remember the quality of the Three Treasures " and thus having shown them the infinity of the Three ; Treasures, and wishing to show thera that all beings are finite, he added, " Finite and measurable are creeping things, snakes, scorpions, centipedes, spiders, lizards, mice." Then again, " As the passions and lusts in these creatures are the qualities which make them finite and limited, let us be protected night and day against these finite things by the power of the Three Treasures, which are infinite : whei-efore remember the worth of the Thi-ee Treasures." Then he recited this stanza : "Now I am guarded safe, and fenced around; Now let all creatures leave me to my ground. All honour to the Blessed One I pay. And the seven Buddhas who have passed away." [148] And bidding them also remember the seven Buddhas^ whilst they did honour, the Bodhisatta composed this guardian charm and delivered it to his band of sages.Thenceforward the .sages bore in mind the Bodhisatta's admonition, and cherished love and goodwill, and remembered the Buddha's virtues. As they did this, all the snake kind departed from them. And the Bodhisatta cultivated the Excellencies, and attained to Brahma's heaven. When the Master had ended this discourse, he identified the Birth " The : Buddha's followers were then the followers of the sage and their Teacher was I ; myself." ^ All the verses hitherto given match, and are to be taken together as the "First gatha." The other is in a different metre, and is the "Second gatha." 2 For the seven Buddhas, see Wilson, Select Works, ii. 5.

ViRAKA-JATAKA. " — have you seen^' etc. This story the Master told, while dwelling at Jetavana, about imitating the Buddha. When the Elders had gone with their followers to visit Devadatta^, the Master asked Sariputta what Devadatta had done when he saw them. The reply was that he had imitated the Buddha. The Master rejoined, " Not now only has Devadatta imitated me and thereby come to ruin he did just the same ; before." Then, at the Elder's request, he told an old-world tale. [149] Once upon a time, while Brahmadatta reigned as king in Benares, the Bodhisatta became a marsh crow, and dwelt by a certain pool. His name was Viraka, the Strong. There arose a famine in Kasi. Men could not spare food for the crows, nor make offering to goblins and snakes. One by one the crows left the famine-stricken land, and betook them to the woods. A certain crow named Savitthaka, who lived at Benares, took with him his lady crow and went to the place where Viraka lived, making his abode beside the same pool. One day, this crow was seeking food about the pool. He saw how Viraka went down into it, and made a meal off some fish and after-; wards came up out of the water again, and stood drying his feathers. " Under the wing of that crow," thought he, " plenty of fish are to be got. I will become his servant." So he drew near. " What is it, Sir 1 " asked Viraka. my lord " was the I'eply. " I want to be your servant, ! Viraka agreed, and from that time the other served him. And from that time, Viraka used to eat enough fish to keep him alive, and the rest he gave to Savitthaka as soon as he had caught them and when Savitthaka ; had eaten enough to keep him alive, he gave what was over to his wife. After a while pride came into his heart. "This crow," said he, "is black, and so am 1 : in eyesand beak and feet, too, there is no difference between us. I don't want his fish I will catch my own " So he told ; ! Viraka that for the future he intended to go down to the water and catch tish himself. Then Viraka said, " Good friend, you do not belong to a 1 Sariputta and Moggallana visited the arch-heretic to try if they could win back his followers to the Master. The story of then- visit, and how it succeeded, is told in the Vinaya, Cullavagya, vii. 4 foil, (translated in S.B.E., Vinaya Texts, iii. 256). See also vol. i. no. 11. ; 104 The Jdtaka. Book II. tribe of such crows as are born to go into water and catcli fish. Don't destroy yourself! " But in spite of this attempt to dissuade him, Savitthaka did not take the warning to heart. Down he went to the pool, down into the water but he could not make his way through the weeds and come out again there he was, entangled in the weeds, with only the tip of his beak appearing above the water. So not being able to breathe he perished there beneath the water. [150] His mate noticed that he did not return, and went to Viraka to ask news of him. " My lord," she asked, " Savitthaka is not to be seen : where is he ?" And as she asked him this, she repeated the first stanza : " have you seen Savitthaka, O Viraka, have you seen My sweet-voiced mate whose neck is like the peacock in its sheen?" When Viraka heard it, he replied, " Yes, I know where he is gone," and recited the second stanza : " He was not born to dive beneath the wave. But what he could not do he needs must try; So the poor bird has found a watery grave, Entangled in the weeds, and left to die." When the lady-crow heard it, weeping, she returned to Benai-es. After this discourse was ended, the Master identified the Birth : — "Devadatta was then incarnate as Savitthaka, and I myself was Viraka."

[151] ''Fine are the fish^'' etc. — This story the Master told while dwelling at Jetavana, about two young Brethren. These two young fellows, we are told, belonged to a good family of Savatthi, and had embraced the faith. But they, not realising the impurity of the body i, sang the praises of their beauty, and went about bragging of it. ^ Beading an-anuyunjitva. No. 205. 105 One day they fell into a dispute on this point. " You're handsome, but so am I," said each of them then, spying an aged Elder sitting not far away, ; they agreed that he was likely to know whether they were beautiful or not. Then they approached liim with the question, "Sir, which of us is beautiful?" The Elder repUed, " Friends, I am more beautiful than either of you." At this the young men reviled him, and went off, grumbling that he told them something they did not ask, but would not tell them what they did. The Brotherhood became aware of this event and one day, when they were ; all together in the Hall of Truth, they began talking about it. "Friend, how the old Elder shamed those two young fellows whose heads were full of their own beauty!" The Master came in, and asked what they were talking of now as they sat together. They told him. He rejoined, "This is not the only time, Brethren, that our friends were full of the praises of their own beauty. In olden times they used to go about boasting of it as they do now." And then he told them an old-world tale. Once upon a time, during the reign of Brahmadatta, king of Benares, the Bodhisatta became a tree sprite on the bank of the Ganges. At the point where Ganges and Jumna meet, two fish met together, one from the Ganges and one from the Jumna. " I am beautiful " said one, "and ! so are you ! " and then they fell to quarrelling about their beauty. Not far from the Ganges they saw a Tortoise lying on the bank. " Yon fellow- shall decide whether or no we are beautiful ! " said they and they went ; up to him. " Which of us is beautiful, friend Tortoise," they asked, "the Ganges fish or the Jumna fish?" The Tortoise answered, "The Ganges fish is beautiful, and the Jumna fish is beautiful but I am more beautiful : than you both." And to explain it, he uttered the first verse [152] : " Fine are the fish of Jumna stream, the Ganges fish are fine. But a four-footed creature, with a tapering neck like mine. Round like a spreading banyan tree, must all of them outshine." When the fish heard this, they cried, "Ah, you rascally Tortoise! you won't answer our question, but you answer another one " and they ! repeated the second verse : " We ask him this, he answers that indeed a strange reply : By his own tongue his praise is sung — I like it not, not I : ! When this discourse was concluded, the Master identified the Birth " In : those days the young Brothers were the two fish, the old man was the tortoise, and I was the tree-s[)rite who saw the whole thing from the Ganges bank." 106 The Jataka. Booh II.

"Come, Tortoise," etc. — This story the Master told at Veluvana, about Devadatta. News came to the Master that Devadatta was plotting his death. " Ah, Brethren," said he, "it was just the same long ago; Devadatta tried then to kill me, as he is trying now." And he told them this stoiy. [153] Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta became an Antelope, and lived within a forest, in a thicket near a certain lake. Not far from the same lake, sat a Woodpecker perched at the top of a tree; and in the lake dwelt a Toi'toise. And the three l>ecame friends, and lived together in amity. A hunter, wandering about in the wood, observed the Bodhisatta's footprint at the going down into the water ; and he set a ti-ap of leather, strong, like an iron chain, and went his way. In the first watch of the night the Bodhisatta went down to drink, and got caught in the noose whereat he cried loud and long. Thereupon the Woodpecker flew down from her tree-top, and the Tortoise came out of the water, and consulted what was to be done. Said the Woodpecker to the Tortoise, " Friend, you have teeth bite — this snare through; I will go and see to it that the hunter keeps away; and if we both do our best, our friend will not lose his life." To make this clear lie uttered the first stanza : " Come, Tortoise, tear the leathern snare, and bite it through and through, And of the hunter I'll take care, and keep him oft' from you." The Tortoise began to gnaw the leather thong : the Woodpecker made his way to the hunter's dwelling. At dawn of day the hunter went out, knife in hand. As soon as the bird saw him start, he uttered a cry, flapped his wings, and struck him in the face as he left the front door. " Some bird of omen has struck me " thought the hunter he turned ill ! ; back, and lay down for a little while. Then he rose up again, and took his knife. The bird reasoned within himself, " The first time he went out by the front door, so now he will leave by the back " and he sat him : down behind the house. [154] The huntei*, too, reasoned in the same way " When I went out by the front door, I saw a bad omen, now will I : 1 Figured on the Bharhut Stupa (Cuuningham, p. 67, and pi. xxvii. 9). No. 206. 107 go out by the back ! " and so he did. But the bird cried out again, and struck him in the face. Finding that he was again struck by a bird of ill omen, the hunter exclaimed, " This creature will not let me go ! " and turning back he lay down until sunrise, and when the sun was risen, he took his knife and started. The Woodpecker made all haste back to his friends. *' Here comes the hunter ! " he cried. By this time the Tortoise had gnawed through all the thongs but one tough thong : his teeth seemed as though they would fall out, and his mouth was all smeared with blood. The Bodhisatta saw the young hunter coming on like lightning, knife in hand he biirst the thong, : and fled into the woods. The Woodpecker perched upon his tree-top. But the Tortoise was so weak, that he lay where he was. The hunter threw him into a bag, and tied it to a tree. The Bodhisatta observed that the Tortoise was taken, and detei-mined to save his friend's life. So he let the hunter see him, and made as though he were weak. The hunter saw him, and thinking him to be weak, seized his knife and set out in pursuit. The Bodhisatta, keeping just out of his reach, led him into the forest and when he saw that they had ; come far away, gave him the slip and returned swift as the wind by another way. He lifted the bag with his horns, threw it upon the ground, ripped it open and let the Tortoise out. And the Woodpecker came down from the tree. Then the Bodhisatta thus addressed them both: "My life has been saved by you, and you have done a friend's part to me. Now the hunter willcome and take you so do you, friend Woodpecker, migrate else- ; where with your brood, and you, friend Tortoise, dive into the water." They did so. The Master, becoming perfectly enlightened, uttered the second stanza:— [155] "The Tortoise went into the pond, the Deer into the wood. And from the tree the Woodpecker carried away his brood." The hunter returned, and saw none of them. He found his bag torn picked it up, and went home sorrowful. And the three friends lived all their life long in unbroken amity, and then passed away to fare according to their deeds. When the Master had ended this discourse, he identified the Birth:— "Devadatta was the huntsman, Sariputta the Woodpecker, Moggallana the Tortoise, and I was the Antelope."

" Once toith the great ling Assaka," etc. —This story the Master told whilst staying in Jetavaua, about some one who was distracted by the recollection of a former wife. He asked the Brother whether he were really lovesick. The man said, Yes. "Whom are you in love with?" the Master continued. "My late wife," was the reply. Then the Master said, " Not this once only, Brother, have you been full of desire for this woman in olden days her love brought you to ; great misery." And he told a story. Once upon a time, there was a king Assaka reigning in Potali, which is a city of the kingdom of Kasi. His queen consort, named Ubbari, was very dear to him ; she was charming, and graceful, and beautifvil passing the beauty of women, though not so fair as a goddess. She died and at : her death the king was plunged in grief, and became sad and miserable. He had the body laid in a coffin, and embalmed with oil and ointment, and laid beneath the bed and there he lay without food, weeping and ; wailing. [156] In vain did his parents and kinsfolk, friends and courtiers, priests and laymen, bid him not to grieve, since all things pass away ; they could not move him. As he lay in sorrow, seven days passed by. Now the Bodhisatta was at that time an ascetic, who had gained the Five Supernatural Faculties and the Eight Attainments ; he dwelt at the foot of Himalaya. He was possessed of perfect supernatural insight, and as he looked round India with his heavenly vision, he saw this king lamenting, and straightway resolved to help him. By his miraculous power he rose in the air, and alighted in the king's park, and sat down on the ceremonial stone, like a golden image. A young brahmin of the city of Potali entered the park, and seeing the Bodhisatta, he greeted him and sat down. The Bodhisatta began to talk pleasantly with him. "Is the king a just ruler 1" he asked. "Yes, Sir, the king is just," replied the youth ;but his queen is just '* dead he; has laid her body in a coffin, and lies down lamenting her and ; to-day is the seventh day since he began. — Why do you not free the king from this great grief 1 Virtuous beings like you ought to overcome the king's sorrow." "I do not know the king, young man," said the Bodhisatta; "but if he were to come and ask me, I would tell him the place where she has now come into the flesh again, and make her speak herself." "Then, holy Sir, stay here until I bring the king to you," said the No. 207. 109 youth. The Bodhisatta agreed, and he hastened into the king's presence, and told him about it. "You should visit this being with the divine insight ! " he told the king. The king was overjoyed at the thought of seeing Ubbari and he ; entered his chariot and drove to the place. Greeting the Bodhisatta, he sat down on one side, and asked, " Is it true, as I am told, that you know where my queen has come into being again 1 " " Yes, I do, my lord king," replied he. Then the king asked where it was. The Bodhisatta replied, " O king, she was intoxicated with her beauty, and so fell into negligence and did not do fair and virtuous acts ; so now she has become a little dung- worm in this very park." [157] " I don't believe it " said the king. ! "Then I will show her to you, and make her speak," answered the Bodhisatta. " Please make her speak " said the king. ! The Bodhisatta commanded "Let the two that are busy rolling a lump of cow-dung, come forth before the king " and by his power he ! made them do it, and they came. The Bodhisatta pointed one out to the king : " There is your queen Ubbari, O king she has just come out of ! this lump, following her husband the dung-worm. Look and see." "What! my queen Ubbari a dung-worm 1 I don't believe it!" cried the king. " I will make her speak, O king " ! " Pray make her speak, holy Sir ! " said he. The Bodhisatta by his power gave her speech. " Ubbari ! " said he. " What is it, holy Sir 1 " she asked, in a human voice. "What was your name in your former character?" the Bodhisatta asked her. "My name was Ubbari, Sir," she replied, "the consort of king Assaka." "Tell me," the Bodhisatta went on, "which do you love best now " king Assaka, or this dung- worm 1 "O Sii', that was my former birth," said she. "Then I lived with him in this park, enjoying shape and sound, scent, savour and touch; but now that my memory is confused by re-birth, what is he] Why, now I would kill king Assaka, and would smear the feet of my husband the dungworm with the blood flowing from his throat " and in the midst of the ! king's company, she uttered these verses in a human voice : "Once with the great king Assaka, who was my husband dear, Beloving and beloved, I walked about this garden here. "But now new sorrows and new joys have made the old ones flee, And dearer far than Assaka my Worm is now to me." 110 The Jataka. Book II. [158] When king Assaka heard this, he repented on the spot; and at once he caused the queen's body to be removed and washed his head. He saluted the Bodhisatta, and went back into the city ; where he married another queen, and ruled in righteousness. And the Bodhisatta, having instructed the king, and set him free from sorrow, returned again to the Himalayas. When the Master had ended this discourse, he declared the Truths and identified the Birth :— at the conclusion of the Truths, the lovesick Brother reached the Fruit of the First Path :— " Your late wife was Ubbarl you, the ; lovesick Brother, were king Assaka Sariputta was the yomig brahmin and the ; ; anchorite was I myself."

SUMSUMARA-JATAKA^ " Rose-apple, jack-fruit" etc. — This story the Master told at Jetavana, about Devadatta's attempts to murder him 2. When he heard of these attempts, the Master said, " This is not the first time that Devadatta has tried to murder me 1 a. lilarlata-jdtaha, Mahavastu ii. 208 ; Cariyd-Pitaka, iii. 7; Morris, Contemp. Rev. vol. 39, quoting Griffis, Japanese Fairy World, p. 153. A monkey outwits a crocodile in No. 57, above. The following variant, from Russia (Moscow district) may be of interest. It was given me by Mr I. Nestor Schnurmann, who heard it from his nurse (about 1860). Once upon a time, the King of the Fishes was wanting in wisdom. His advisers told him that once he could get the heart of the fox, he would become wise. So he sent a deputation, consisting of the great magnates of the sea, whales and others. ' ' Our king wants your advice on some state affairs." The fox, flattered, consented. A whale took him on his back. On the way the waves beat upon him at last he asked; what they really wanted. They said, what their king really wanted was to eat his heart, by which he hoped to become clever. He said, " Why didn't you tell me that before? I would gladly sacrifice my life for such a worthy object. But we foxes always leave our hearts at home. Take me back and I'll fetch it. Otherwise I'm sure your king will be angry." So they took him back. As soon as he got near the shore, he leaped on land, and cried " Ah you fools Have you ever heard of an animal not ! carrying his heart with him ? " and ran off. The fish had to return empty. These attempts of Devadatta, and how they were foiled, are set forth in CuUavagga, VII. iii. 6 foil., trans, in S. B. E. , Vinaya Teats, iii. 243 f Mo. 208. Ill he did the same before, and yet could not so much as make me afraid." Then he told this story. Once upon a time, while Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodlii- Himalaya as a Monkey. He grew strong satta came to life at the foot of and sturdy, big of frame, well-to-do, and lived by a curve of the river Ganges in a forest haunt. Now at that time there was a Crocodile dwelling in the Ganges. The Crocodile's mate saw the great frame of the monkey, [159] and she conceived a longing for his heart to eat. So she said to her lord " Sir, I : desire to eat the heart of that great king of the monkeys ! "Good wife," said the Crocodile, "I live in the water and he lives on dry land how can we catch him 1 " : "By hook or by ci-ook," she replied, "caught he must be. If I don't get him, I shall die." " All right," answered the Crocodile, consoling her, " don't trouble yourself. I have a plan ; I will give you his heart to eat." So when the Bodhisatta was sitting on the bank of the Ganges, after taking a drink of water, the Crocodile drew near, and said : " Sir Monkey, why do you live on bad fruits in this old familiar place 1 On the other side of the Ganges there is no end to the mango trees, and labuja trees', with fruit sweet as honey! Is it not better to cross over and have all kinds of wild fruit to eat 1 " Lord Crocodile," the Monkey made answei", " deep and wide is the Ganges how shall I get across 1 " : " If you will go, I will mount you on my back, and carry you over." The Monkey trusted him, and agreed. " Come here, then," said the other, " up on my back with you " and up the monkey climbed. ! But when the Crocodile had swum a little way, he plunged the Monkey under the water. " Good friend, you are letting me sink ! " cried the Monkey. " What " is that for 1 Said the Crocodile, "You think I am carrying you out of pure good nature 1 Not a bit of it ' My wife has a longing for your heart, and " I want to give it her to eat ! "Friend," said the Monkey, "it is nice of you to tell me. Why, if our heart were inside us when we go jumping among the tree-tops, it would be all knocked to pieces ! "Well, where do you keep if?" asked the other. The Bodhisatta pointed out a fig-tree, with clusters of ripe fruit, 1 Artocarpus Lacucha (CJiilders). 112 The Jataka. Booh II. standing not far off, "See," said he, "there are our hearts hanging on yon fig-tree." [160] "If yon will show me your heart," said the Crocodile, "then I won't kill you." "Take me to the tree, then, and I will point it out to you hanging upon it." The Crocodile brought him to the place. The Monkey leapt off his back, and climbing up the fig-tree sat upon it. "O silly Crocodile!" said he, "you thought that there were creatures that kept their hearts in a tree-top !You are a fool, and I have outwitted you You may keep ! your fruit to yourself. Your body is great, but you have no sense." And then to explain this idea he uttered the following stanzas : " Rose-apple, jack-fruit, mangoes too across the water there I see Enough of them, I want them not my fig is good enough for me ; " Great is your body, verily, but how much smaller is your wit Now go your ways, Sir Crocodile, for I have had the best of it." The Crocodile, feeling as sad and miserable as if he had lost a thousand pieces of money, went back sorrowing to the place where he lived. When the Master had ended this discourse, he identified the Birth " In : those days Devadatta was the Crocodile, the lady Ciiica was his mate, and I was the Monkey."

" Trees a many have I seen" etc. This story the Master told while dwelling at Jetavana, about a Brother who was one of the fellow-students of Elder Sariputta, Captain of the Faith. This fellow, as we learn, [161] was clever at taking care of his person. Food very hot or very cold he would not eat, for fear it should do him harm. He never went out for fear of being hurt by cold or heat ; and he would not have rice which was either over-boiled or too hard. The Brotherhood learnt how much care he took of himself. In the Hall of Truth, they all discussed it. " Friend, what a clever fellow Brother So-and-so is in knowing what is good for him !" The Master came in, and asked what they were talking of as tbey sat there together. They told him. Then he rejoined, 1 Compare latter part of the Second Cahmtaka Jataka, Mabavastu ii. 250 ; the first line of the first verse and the whole of the second are nearly the same. No. 209. 113 "Not only now is our young friend careful for his personal comfort. He was just the same in olden days." And he told them an old-world tale. Once upon a time, in the reign of Brahmadatta, king of Benares, the Bodhisatta became a Tree-spirit in a forest glade. A certain fowler, with a decoy bird, hair noose, and stick, went into the forest in search of birds. He began to follow one old bird which flew off into the woods, trying to escape. The bird would not give him a chance of catching it in his snare, but kept rising and alighting, rising and alighting. So the fowler covered himself with twigs and branches, and set his noose and stick again and again. But the bird, wishing to make him ashamed of himself, sent forth a human voice and repeated the first stanza :— "Trees a many have I seen Growing in the woodland green : But, O Tree, they could not do Any such strange things as you!" So saying, the bird flew off" and went elsewhere. When it had gone, the fowler repeated the second verse: — [162] "This old bird, that knows the snare, Off has flown into the air Forth from out his cage has broken, And with human voice has spoken ! So said the fowler ; and having hunted throvigh the woods, took what he could catch and went home again. When the Master had ended this discourse, he identified the Birth: " Devadatta was the fowler then, the young dandy was the bird, and the treesprite that saw the whole thing was I myself."

KAN DAG AL A K A- J ATAKA. " friend" eic— This was told by the Master, during a stay in Veluvana, about Devadatta's attempts to imitate him^. When he heard of these attempts to imitate him, the Master said, "This is not the fii-st time Devadatta has destroyed himself by imitating me ; the same thing happened before." Then he told this story. ' See above, note to no. 208. J. II. 114 The Jdtaka. Booh II. Once upon a time, when Bralimadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta entered into life as a Woodpecker. In a wood of acacia trees he lived, and his name was Khadiravaniya, the Bird of the Acacia Wood. He had a comrade named Kandagalaka, or Eatbulb, who got his food in a wood full of good fruit. One day the friend went to visit Khadiravaniya. "My friend is come ! thought Khadiravaniya and he led him into the acacia wood, and pecked ; at the tree-trunks until the insects came out, which he gave to his friend. As each was given him, the friend pecked it up, and ate it, as if it were a honey cake. As he ate, pride arose in his heart. [163] "This bird is a woodpecker," thought he, "and so am I. What need for me to be fed by him 1 I will get my own food in this acacia wood " So he said to ! Khadiravaniya, " Friend, don't trouble youi'self, —I will get my own food in the acacia wood." Then said the other, " You belong to a tribe of birds which finds its food in a forest of pithless silk-cotton trees, and trees that bear abundant " fruit ; but the acacia is full of pith, and hard. Please do not do so ! "What!" said Kandagalaka— "am I not a woodpecker 1 " And he would not listen, but pecked at an acacia trunk. In a moment his beak snapped off", and his eyes bade fair to fall out of his head, and his head split. So not being able to hold fast to the tree, he fell to the ground, repeating the first verse : "0 friend, what is this thorny, cool-leaved tree Which at one blow has broke my beak for me?" Having heard this, Khadiravaniya recited the second stanza : " This bird was good for rotten wood And soft; but once he tried, By some ill hap, hard trees to tap And broke his skull, and died." [164] So said Khadiravaniya; and added, "0 Kandagalaka, the tree where you broke your head is hard and strong ! But the other perished then and there. When the Master had ended this discourse, he identiiied the Birth :- " Devadatta was Kandagalaka, but Khadiravaniya was I myself." No. 211. 115

"All the year long never ceasing" etc. This story the Master told while dwelling at Jetavana, about Elder Laludayi, or Udayi the Simpleton. This man, we learn, was unable to get out a single sound in the presence of two or three people. He was so very nervous, that he said one thing when he meant another. It happened that the Brethren were speaking of this as they sat together in the Hall of Truth. [165] The Master came in, and asked what they were talking of as they sat there together. They told him. He answered, "Brethren, this is not the first time that Laludayi has been a very nervous man. It was just the same before." And he told an old-world tale. Once on a time, while Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the Bodhisatta was born into a certain brahmin family in the kingdom of Kasi. "When he came of age, he went to study at Takkasila. On returning he found his family poor; and he bade his parents farewell and set out to Benares, saying to himself, " I will set up my fallen family again ! At Benares he became the king's attendant and he grew very dear to ; the king and became a favourite. Now his father lived by ploughing the land, but he had only one pair of oxen ; and one of them died. He came before the Bodhisatta, and said to him, " Son, one of my oxen is dead, and the ploughing does not go on. " Ask the king to give you one ox ! " No, Father," answered he, "I have but just now seen the king I ought not to ask him for oxen now : —you ask him." " My son," said his father, " you do not know how bashful I am. If there are two or three people present I cannot get a word out. If I go to ask the king for an ox, I shall end by giving him this one ! '"Father," said the Bodhisatta, "what must be, must be. I cannot ask the king; but I will train you to do it." So he led his father to a cemetery where thei'e were clumps of sweet grass ; and tying up tufts of it, he scattered them here and there, and named them one by one, pointing them out to his father "That is the King, that is the Viceroy, this is the : Chief Captain. Now, Father, when you come before the king, you must first say Long live the king ' and then repeat this verse, to ask for an ! ' ox ; " and this is the verse he taught him : "I had two oxen to my plough, with which my work was done. But one is dead! mighty prince, please give me another one!" 1 Fausbc^ll, Five Jdtakas, p. 31 ; Comm. on Dhammapada verse 152 (p. 317 of F. 's edition). 116 The Jdtaka. Book II. [166] For the space of a whole year the man learnt this couplet; and then he said to his son — " Dear Somadatta, I have learnt the lines Now I can say it before any man ! Take me to the king." So the Bodhisatta, taking a suitable present, led his father into the king's presence. " Long live the king " cried the brahmin, offering his ! present. " Who is this brahmin, Somadatta " the king asked. " Great king, it is my father," he answered. " Why has he come here " 1 asked the king. Then the brahmin repeated his couplet, to ask for the ox : " I had two oxen to my plough, with which my work was done, But one is dead! O mighty prince, please take the other one!" The king saw that there was some mistake. "Somadatta," said he, smiling, "you have plenty of oxen at home, I suppose?" " If so, great king, they are your gift " ! At this answer the king was pleased. He gave the man, for a brahmin's offering, sixteen oxen, with fine caparison, and a village to live in, and sent him away with great honour. The brahmin ascended a car drawn by Sindh horses, pure white, and went to his dwelling in great pomp. As the Bodhisatta sat beside his father in the chariot, said he, " Father, I taught you the whole year long, and yet when the moment came you gave yoixr ox to the king ! " and he uttered the first stanza : "All the year long never ceasing with unwearied diligence Where the sweet gi-ass grows in clusters day by day he practised it: When he came amid the courtiers all at once he changed the sense Practice truly nought availeth if a man has little wit." [167] When he heard this, the brahmin uttered the second stanza : "He that asks, dear Somadatta, takes his chance between the two May get more, or may get nothing: when you ask, 'tis ever so." When the Master by this story had shown how Simpleton Udayi had been just as bashful before as he was then, he identified the Birth :— " Laludayl was the father of Somadatta, and I was Somadatta myself." No. 212. 117