ဇာတက-အဋ္ဌကထာ (စ)

Panca-pandita jataka. The Birth of the Five Wise Men will be given in the Maha-ummagga 1 .

Hatthi-pala jataka. " At last we see," etc. This story the Master told, while dwelling at Jetavana, about the Renunciation. Then with these words,—" It is not the first time, Brethren, that the Tathagata made the Renunciation, but it was so before,"— the Master told them a story of the past. Once upon a time there reigned in Benares a king named Esukari. His chaplain had been from the days of his youth his favourite companion. They were both childless. As the two were sitting together one day in a friendly manner, they thought, " We have great glory, but never a Vol. vi. p. 339 (Pali). 294 The Jdtaka. Book XV. son or a daughter : now what is to be done 1" Then the king said to the chaplain, " Friend, if a son is born in your house, he shall be lord of my kingdom but if I have a son, he shall be master of your wealth." ; The two made a bargain of it on these terms. One day, as the chaplain approached his revenue-village, and entered by the southern gate, outside the gate he saw a wretched woman who had many sons: [474] seven sons she had, all hale and hearty; one held pot and plate for cooking, one mat and bedding, one went on before and one followed behind, one held a finger of her, one sat on her hip and one on her shoulder. "Where," asked the chaplain, " is the father of these lads 1 " " Sir," she replied, " the lads have no father at all for certain." "Why then," said he, "how did you get seven fine sons like that 1 Disregarding the rest of the jungle, she points out a banyan tree that stood by the city gate, and quoth she, "I offered prayer, Sir, to the deity which inhabits this tree, and he answered me by giving these lads." " You may go, then,'' said the chaplain ; and descending from his chariot, he went up to the tree and taking hold of a branch shook it, saying, " divinity, what has the king failed to give thee 1 Year by year he offers thee tribute of a thousand pieces of money, and thou givest him no son. What has this beggar wife done for thee, that thou givest her seven 1 Thou shalt grant the king a son within seven days, or I will have thee cut down by the roots and chopt up piecemeal." Thus upbraiding the deity of the banyan tree, he went away. Day after day for six days he did the same, and on the sixth, grasping the branch he said — " Only one night is left, tree-god ; if you do not grant a " son to my king, down you come ! The deity of the tree reflected, till she knew exactly what was the matter. "Yon brahmin," thought she, "will destroy my home if he gets no son : by what means can I get him a son ? " Then she went well, before the four great kings , and told them. "Well," said they, "we cannot give the man a son." To the eight-and-twenty war-lords of the Goblins she went next, and all they said was the same. To Sakka king of the gods she came, and told him. He pondered within himself " Shall the king get sons worthy of him, or no ? " [475] Then he looked about and saw four meritorious sons of the gods. These, it is said, had been in a former existence weavers of Benares ; and all their winnings by that trade they would divide into five heaps ; of these four were their own shares, but the fifth they gave away in common. When born anew from that place they came to the Heaven of the Thirty-three, thence Or (taking the reading in the text), not seeing any other way out of it.' Courtesans ' in India were said to be married to certain trees: perhaps this woman belongs to that class. 2 Four Lords of the Earth, North, South, East, and West. again they were born into the Yama world 1 thence in due succession they , past up and down through the six celestial worlds and enjoyed much glory. Just then the time was when they were due to go from the Heaven of the Thirty-three to the Yama Heaven. Sakka went to seek them, and summoned them, and said, " Holy sirs, you must go to the world of men, to be conceived in the womb of King Esukari's chief consort." " Good, my lord," said they to these words, "we will go. But we do not want anything to do with a royal house we will be born in the chaplain's : family, and while yet young we will renounce the world." Then Sakka approved them for their promise, and returned, and told all to the deity that lived in the tree. Much pleased, the tree-god took leave of Sakka, and went to her dwelling place. But next day up came the chaplain, and with him strong men whom he had gathered, having each a razor-adze or the like. The chaplain approached the tree, and seizing a branch, cried out "What ho, god — of the tree ! This is now the seventh day since I begged a favour of you : come " The tree-deity by her the time of thy destruction is ! great power cleft the tree-trunk and came forth, and in a sweet voice addressed him thus " One son, brahmin 1 pooh : I will give you four.'' ! Said' he, "I want no sons; give one to my king." "No," she said, " I will give only to you." " Then give two to the king and two to me." " No, the king shall have none, you shall have all four but they shall ; be only given to you, for they will not live in a worldly household : in the days of their youth they will renounce the world." " Just give me the sons, and I will see to it they do not renounce the world," said he. Thus the deity granted his prayer for children, and returned to her dwelling place. Ever afterwards that deity was held in high honour. Now the eldest god came down, [476] and was conceived by the brahmin's wife. On his name day they called him Hatthipala, the Elephant Driver; and to hinder him from renouncing the world, they entrusted him to the care of some keepers of elephants, amongst whom he grew up. When he was old enough to walk on his feet, the second was born of the same woman. At his birth they named him Assapala, or Groom, and he grew up amongst those who kept horses. The third at his birth was called Gopala, the Cowherd, and he grew up amongst the cattle-breeders. Ajapala, or Goatherd, was the name given to the fourth, when he also was born and he grew up among the goat-herds. ; When they grew older they were lads of auspicious omen. Now for fear of their renouncing the world, all the ascetics who had so done were banished from the kingdom: in the whole realm of Kasi not one was left. The lads were rough in what way soever they : 1 Third of the Heavens of Sense, Hardy : Manual, p. 25. 296 The Jdtaha. Book XV. went, they plundered those gifts of ceremony which were sent here or there. When Hatthipala was sixteen years old, the king and the chaplain seeing his bodily perfection, thought thus within them. " The lads are grown big. When the umbrella of royalty is uplifted, what shall be done with them 1 As soon as the ceremony of sprinkling is done upon them, they will grow very masterful ascetics will come, they will see them and : will become ascetics also once they have done this, the whole country ; will be in confusion. First let us test them, and afterwards have the ceremonial sprinkling." So they both dressed themselves up like ascetics, and went about seeking alms until they came to the door of the house where Hatthipala lived. The lad was pleased and delighted to see them ; approaching, he greeted them with respect, and recited three stanzas "At last we see a brahmin like a god, with top-knot great, With teeth uncleansed, and foul with dust, and burdened with a weight 1 . "At last we see a sage, who takes delight in righteousness, With robes of bark to cover him, and with the yellow dress. " Accept a seat, and for your feet fresh water ; it is right To offer gifts of food to guests —accept, as we invite." [477] Thus he addressed them one after the other. Then the chaplain said to him : " Hatthipala my son, you say this because you do not know us. You think we are sages from the Himalayas, but such we are not, my son. This is King Esukari, and I am your father the chaplain." "Then," said the lad, "why are you dressed like sages?" "To try yon," said he. "Why try me ?" he asked. "Because, if 1 you see us without renouncing the world, we are ready to perform the ceremony of sprinkling, and make you king." " Oh, my father," quoth he, " I want no royalty I will renounce the world." Then his father ; replied, " Son Hatthipala, this is not a time for renouncing the world; and he explained his intent in the fourth stanza : "First learn the Vedas, get you wealth and wife And sons, enjoy the pleasant things of life, Smell, taste, and every sense sweet is the wood : To live in then, and then the sage is good." Hatthipala replied with a stanza " Truth comes not by the Vedas nor by gold Nor getting sons will keep from getting old [478] From sense there is release, as wise men know ; In the next birth we reap as now we sow." See Smnyutta Nikaya, p. 1. No. 509. 297 In answer to the young man, the king now recited a stanza : " Most true thewords that from thy lips do go In the next birth we reap as now we sow, Thy parents now are old but may they see : A hundred years of health in store for thee." "What do you mean, my lord !" asked the prince, and repeated two stanzas "He who in death, King, a friend can find, And with old age a covenant hath signed For him that will not die be this thy prayer, A hundred years of life to be his share. "As one who on a river ferries o'er A boat, and journeys to the other shore, So mortals do inevitably tend To sickness and old age, and death's the end." [479] In this manner he showed these persons how transient are the conditions of mortal life, adding this advice: "As you stand there, O great king, and as I speak with you, even now sickness, old age, ! and death are drawing nearer to me. Then be vigilant " So saluting the king and his father, he took with him his own attendants, and forsook the kingdom of Benares, and departed with the intent to embrace the religious life. And a great company of people went with the young man Hatthipala; "for," said they, "this religious life must be a noble thing." The company extended a league long. He with this company proceeded until he came to the Ganges bank. There he induced the mystic trance by gazing at the water of the Ganges. "There will be a great concourse here," thought he. " My three younger brothers will come, my parents, king, queen, and all, they with their attendants will embrace the religious life. Benares will be empty. Until they come I will remain here." So he sat there, exhorting the crowd assembled. Next day the king and his chaplain thought, " And so Prince Hatthipala has really renounced his claim on the kingdom, and is sitting on the Ganges bank, whither he went to follow the religious life, and took a great multitude with him. But let us try Assapala, and sprinkle him to be king." So as before in the dress of ascetics they went to his door. Pleased he was when he saw them, and went up to them, and repeating the lines "At last," and so forth, he did as the other had done. The others did as before, and told him the cause of their coming. He said, " Why is the White Umbrella offered first to me, seeing I have a brother gone away, my Prince Hatthipala 1 " They answered, Your brother has " religious life; he would have nothing to do with son, to embrace the "Where is he now?" [480] asked the lad. "Sitting on royalty." " Dear ones," he said, " I care not for that the bank of the Ganges." Pools and they who are which my brother has spewed out of his mouth. 298 The Jataha. Booh XV. scant of wisdom cannot renounce this sin, but I will renounce it." Then he declared the Law to father and king in two stanzas which he recited : "Pleasures of sense are but morass and mire 1 ; The heart's delight brings death, and troubles sore. Who sink in these morasses come no nigher In witless madness to the further shore 2 . " Here's one who once inflicted grief and pain : Now he is caught, and no release is found. That he may never do such things again I'll build impenetrable walls around." " There you stand, and even as I speak with you, sickness, old age, and death are approaching nearer." With this admonition, [481] and followed by a company of people a league long, he went to his brother Prince Hatthipala. Who declared the Law to him, being poised in the air, and said, " Brother, there will be a great concourse to this place ; let The other agreed to stay there. us both stay here together." Next day king and chaplain went in the same manner to the house of Prince Gopala and by him being greeted with the same gladness, : they explained the cause of their coming. He like Assapala refused their offer. " For a long time," said he, "I have desired to embrace the religious life ; like a cow gone astray in the forest, I have been wandering about in search of this life. I have seen the path by which my brothers have gone, like the track of a lost cow ; and by that same path I will go." Then he repeated a stanza : "Like one who seeks a cow has lost her way, Who all perplext about the wood doth stray. So is my welfare lost; then why hang back, King Esukarl, to pursue the track ? * " But," they replied, " come with us for a day, son Gopalaka, for two or three days come with us ; make us happy and then you shall renounce the world." He said, "O great king! never put off till the morrow what ought to be done to-day; if you want luck, take to-day by the forelock."Then he recited another stanza " To-morrow ! cries the fool ; next day he cries. ! No freehold in the future! says the wise; The good within his reach he'll ne'er despise." [482] Thus spake Gopala, declaring the Law in the two stanzas ; and added, "There you stand, and even as I talk with you, are approaching disease, old age, and death." Then followed by a company of people a league in length, he made his way to his two brothers. And Hatthipala poised in the air declared the Law to him also. This line occurs in iii. 241 (iii. 158 of the translation). Nirvana. No. 509. 299 Next day manner king and chaplain repaired to the in the same house of Prince Ajapala, who greeted them with joy as the others had done. They told the cause of their coming, and proposed to upraise the umbrella of royalty. The prince said " Where are my brothers 1 : They answered, "Your brothers will have nothing to do with the kingdom they have renounced the White Umbrella, and with a company ; that covers three leagues they are sitting upon the Ganges bank." " I will not put upon my head that which my brothers have spewed out of their mouths, and so live but I too will undertake the religious life." ; They said, " My son, you are very young your welfare is our care; grow ; older, and you shall embrace the religious life." But the lad said, "What is this you say? Surely death comes in youth as in age! No one has a mark in hand or foot to show whether he will die young or die old. I know not the time of my death, and therefore I will now renounce the world altogether." He then recited two stanzas : " Ofthave I seen a maiden young and fair, Bright-eyed 1 intoxicate with life, her share , Of joy un tasted yet, in youth's first spring: Death 'came and carried off the tender thing. "So noble, handsome lads, well-made and young, Round whose dark chins the beard 2 in clusters clung I leave the world and all its lusts, to be A hermit : go thou home, and pardon me." [483] Then he went on, " There you stand, and even as I talk with you disease, old age, and death are approaching me." He saluted them both, and at the head of a league-long company he repaired to the Ganges bank. Hatthipala poised in the air declared the Law to him also, and sat down to wait for the great gathering which he expected. Next day the chaplain began to meditate as he sat upon his couch. "My sons," thought he, "have embraced the religious life; and now I am alone the withered stump of a man. I will follow the religious life also." Then he addressed this stanza to his wife: " That which has branching boughs a tree they call Disbranched, it is a trunk, no tree at all. So is a sonless man, my high-born wife : 'Tis time for me to embrace the holy life." This said, he summoned the brahmins before him sixty thousand of : them came. Then he asked them what they meant to do. [484] "You are our teacher," they said. " Well," quoth he, " I shall seek out my son hot for you and embrace the religious life." They answered, Hell is not " alone we will do likewise." ; He handed over his treasure, eighty crores, i "With eyes like the flower of Pandanus Odoratissimus." 2 "Beard as it were covered with Cartliawm Tinctorius." 300 The Jataka. Book XV. to his wife, and at the head of a league-long train of brahmins departed to the place where his sons were. And unto this company as before Hatthipala declared the Law, poised on high in the air. Next day thought the wife to herself, " My four sons have refused the White Umbrella to follow the life of the religious my husband has ; left his fortune of eighty thousand, and his position of royal chaplain to boot, and gone to join his sons: — what am I to do all by myself? By the way my son has gone I will go also.'' And quoting an ancient saw she recited this stanza of aspiration "The rain-months past, the geese break net and snare, With a free flight like herons through the air; 1 So by the path of husband and of son I'll seek for knowledge as they two have done." "Since this I know," she said to herself, "why should I not renounce the world ? " With this purpose she summoned the brahmin women, and said to them: [485] "What do you mean to do with yourselves?" They asked, "What do you?"— "As for me, I shall renounce the world." — "Then we will do the same." So leaving all her splendour, she went after her sons, taking with her a league-long company of women. To this company also Hatthipala declared the Law, sitting poised in the air. Next day the king asked, "Where is my chaplain?" "My lord," they replied, "the chaplain and his wife have left all their wealth behind, and have gone after their sons with a company that covers two or three leagues.'' Said the king, " Masterless money comes to me," and sent to fetch it from the chaplain's house. The chief queen now wanted to know what the king was doing. " He is fetching the treasure,' she was told,7 "from the chaplain's house." "And where is the chaplain?" she asked. "Gone to be a religious, wife and all." "Why," thought she, "here is the king fetching into his own house the dung and the spittle dropt by this brahmin and his wife and his four sons Infatuate fool ! I will teach ! him by a parable." She got some dog's-flesh, and made a heap of it in the palace courtyard. Then she set a snare round it, leaving the way open straight upwards*. The vultures seeing it from afar swooped down. But the wise among them noticed that a snare had been set around it and ; feeling they were too heavy to rise up straight, they disgorged what they had eaten, and without being caught in the snare rose up and flew away. Others blind with folly devoured the vomit of the first, and being heavy could not get clear away but were caught in the snare. They brought The scholiast refers to a story describing how a spider in the rains wove a net that enclosed a flock of golden geese, how two of the younger birds at the end of the rains broke through by main force, and how the rest followed by the same gap and flew away. No. 509. 301 one of the vultures to the queen, and she carried it to the king. " See, O king!" said she, "there is a sight for us in the courtyard." Then opening a window, " Look at those vultures, your majesty ! " Then she repeated two stanzas : " The birds that ate and vomited in the air are flying free But those which ate and kept it down are captured now by me. [486] "A brahmin vomits out his lusts, and wilt thou eat the same? A man who eats a vomit, sire, deserves the deepest blame." At these words the king repented; the three states of existence seemed as blazing tires and he said, " This very day I must leave ; my kingdom and embrace the religious life." Full of grief, he lauded his queen in a stanza " Like as a strong man lends a helping hand To weaker, sunk in mire or in quicksand : So,Queen Pancati, thou hast saved me here, With verses sung so sweetly in mine ear." No sooner had he thus said, than on the instant he sent for his courtiers, eager to undertake the religious life, and said to them, "And what will you do 1 " They answered, " What will you " He said, " I will seek Hatthipala and become a religious." "Then," said they, "we, my lord, will do the same." The king left his sovran ty over Benares, that great city, twelve leagues in extent, and said, " Let who will upraise the White Umbrella." Then surrounded by his courtiers, at the head of a column three leagues in length, he went to the presence of the young man. To this body also Hatthipala declared the Law, sitting high in the air. The Master repeated a stanza which told how the king renounced this world. " Thus Esukari, mighty king, the lord of many lands, From King turned hermit, like an elephant that bursts his bands." [487] Next day the people who were left in the city gathered before the palace door, and sent in word to the queen. They entered, and saluting the queen, stood on one side, repeating a stanza " It is the pleasure of our noble king To be a hermit, leaving everything. So in the king's place now we pray thee stand; Cherish the realm, protected by our hand." three correspondent worlds. Sensual, Bodily, and Formless, referring to the 302 The Jataka. Booh XV. She listened to what the crowd said, and then repeated the remaining stanzas "It is the pleasure of the noble king To be a hermit, leaving everything. Now know that I will walk the world alone, Renouncing lusts and pleasures every one. " It is the pleasure of the noble king To be a hermit, leaving everything. Now know that I will walk the world alone, Where'er they be, renouncing lusts each one. "Time passes on, night after night goes by 1 , Youth's beauties one by one must fade and die : Now know that I will walk the world alone, Renouncing lusts and pleasures every one. "Time passes on, night after night goes by, Youth's beauties one by one must fade and die : Now know that I will walk the world alone, Where'er they be, renouncing lusts each one. "Time passes on, night after night goes by, Youth's beauties one by one must fade and die : Now know that I will walk the world alone, Each bond thrown off, nor passion's power I own.'' [488] In these stanzas she declared the Law to the great crowd then summoning the courtier's wives said to them, "And what will you do?" — "Madam," say they, "what will you?" "I will embrace the religious life."—" Then so will we do." So the queen set open the doors of all the storehouses of gold in the palace, and she caused to be engraved on a golden plate, " In such a place is a great treasure hidden any one '' ; who chose might have it. This gold plate she fastened to a pillar upon the great dais, and sent the drum beating the proclamation about the city. Then leaving all her magnificence she departed from the city. Then was the whole city in a garboil the cry was, " Our king and queen have left : the city to join the religious what are we to do now ? " Thereupon the ; people all left their houses, and all that was in them, and went out, taking their sons by the hand all the shops stood open, but no one so ; much as turned to look at them the whole city was empty. : And the queen with an attendant train of three leagues in length went to the same place as the others. To this company also Hatthipala declared the Law, poised in the air above them; and then with the whole train a dozen leagues long he set out for Himalaya. All Kasi was in an uproar, crying how young Hatthipala had emptied the city of Benares, twelve leagues in extent, and how with a huge company he is off to Himalaya to embrace the religious life " surely ; then," said they, " much more should we do it " ! In the end this company grew so that it covered thirty leagues [489] and he with this ; great company went to Himalaya. See Samnyutta Nihaya, I. p. 3. No. 509. 303 Sakka in his meditation perceived what was afoot. " Prince Hatthipala," he thought, "has made the Renunciation; there will be a great gathering of people, and they must have a place to live in." He gave orders to Vissakamma " Go, make a hermitage six and thirty leagues : long and fifteen broad, and gather in it all that is necessary for the religious." He obeyed and made on the Ganges bank in a pleasant spot ; a hermitage of the required size, prepared in the leaf-huts pallets strewn with twigs or strewn with leaves, made ready all things necessary for the religious. Each hut had its doors, promenade each its there were ; separate places for night and day living ; all was neatly worked over with whitewash there were benches for rest. Here and there were flowering- ; trees all laden with fragrant blooms of many colours at the end of each ; promenade was a well for drawing water, and beside it a fruit-tree, and each tree bore all manner of fruits. This was all done by divine power. When Vissakamma had finished the hermitage, and provided the leaf huts with all things needful, he inscribed in letters of vermilion upon a wall "Whoso will embrace the religious life is welcome to these necessary things." Then by his supernatural power he banished from that place all hideous sounds, all hateful beasts and birds, all unhuman beings, and went back to his own place. Hatthipala came upon this hermitage, Sakka's gift, by a footpath, and saw the writing. Then he thought, " Sakka must have perceived that I have made the Great Renunciation." He opened a door, and entered a hut, and taking those things which mark the ascetic he went out again, and along the promenade, walking up and down a few times. Then he admitted the rest of the company to the religious life, and went to inspect the hermitage. He set apart in the midst a habitation for women with young boys, one next it for the old women, the next for childless women the other huts all round he allotted to men. [490] Then a certain king, hearing that there was no king in Benares, went to see, and found the city adorned and decorated. Entering the royal palace, he saw the treasure lying in a heap. " What " said ! he, "to renounce a city like this, and to become a religious so soon as the chance came, this is truly a noble thing ! " Asking the way of some drunken fellow he went to find Hatthipala. When Hatthipala perceived he was come to the skirt of the forest, he went out to meet him, and poised in the air declared the Law to his company. Then he led them to the hermitage, and received the whole band into the Brotherhood. In the same manner six other kings joined them. These seven kings renounced their wealth. The hermitage, six and thirty leagues in extent, was filling continually. When some great man had thoughts of lust or any such thing, he would declare the Law to him, and teach them the thought of the Perfections and the Ecstasy; these then generally developed 304 The Jdtaka. Book XV. the mystic trance ; and two-thirds of them were born again in Brahma's world, while the third being divided into three parts, one part was born in Brahma's world, one in the six heavens of sense, one having performed a seer's mission was born in the world of men. Thus they enjoyed each of the three their own merit '. Thus Hatthipala's teaching saved all from hell, from animal birth, from the world of ghosts, and from being embodied as a Titan. In this island of Ceylon, those who made the Renunciation were Elder : Dhammagutta, who made the earth to quake Elder Phussadeva, a citizen of ; Katakandhakara Elder Mahasamgharakkhita, from Uparimandalakamalaya ; Elder Malimahadeva Elder Mahadeva, from Bhaggiri Elder Mahasiva, from ; ; Vamantapabbhara Elder Mahanaga, from Kalavallimandapa ; those in the ; company of Kuddala, of Mugapakkha, of Culasutasoma, of Ayoghara the Wise, and last of all Hatthipala. Therefore said the Blessed One, "Make haste, ye happy " etc. 2 that is, happiness will come only if they use ali speed. ! , [491] When he had ended this discourse, the Master said, " Thus, Brethren, the Tathagata made the Great Benunciation long ago, as now " which said he ; identified the Birth " At that time, King Suddhodana was King Esukarl, : Mahamaya his queen, Kassapa the chaplain, Bhaddakapilanl his wife, Anuruddha was Ajapala, Moggallana was Gopala, Sariputta was Hatthipala, the Buddha's followers were the rest, and I myself was Hatthipala."

"Life once conceived, etc." This story the Master told about the Great Benunciation. Here again he said, " This is not the first time, Brethren, that the Tathagata has made the Great Benunciation, for he did the same before." And he told them a story of the past. Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta reigned in Benares, the queen consort conceived, and when her full time was come she brought forth a son just after dawn of day. Now in a former existence, another wife of thesame husband had prayed that she might be able to devour the child of thiswoman she, it is said, was barren, and being angry with ; mother and son uttered this prayer, for which cause she came into being as For the three Kusalasampattayo see Childers, p. 439. s Dhammapada, 116. No. 510. 305 a goblin. The other became the king's consort, and brought forth this son. Well, the she-goblin found her chance, and putting on a horrific shape caught up the child from under the mother's eyes and made off. The queen screamed with a loud voice "A goblin is carrying off my son " The other champed and mumbled him like an onion, and swallowed ! him down then after various transformations of her limbs, which annoyed ; and frightened the queen, departed. When the king heard, he was dumb what could be done, thought he, against a goblin 1 Next time the queen was in childbed, he set a strong guard about her. She bore another son; the goblin again came, and devoured him too, and departed. The third time it was the Great Being conceived in her womb. The king gathered a number of people together, and said " Each son my : queen has brought forth, a she-goblin comes and devours him. [492] What is to be done ? Then some one said, " Goblins are afraid of a palm-leaf ; " you should bind one such leaf on each of her hands and feet." Another said, "It is an iron house they fear; one should be made." The king was willing. He summoned all the smiths in his realm and bade them build him an iron house, and set overseers over them. Right in the town in a pleasant place they builded a house pillars it had, and; all the parts of a house, all made of nothing but iron in nine months there : it stood finished, a great hall foursquare : it shone, lighted continually with lamps. When the king knew that she drew near her time, he had the iron house fitted up, and took her into it. She brought forth a son with the marks of goodness and luck upon him, and they gave him the name of Ayoghara-Kumara, the Prince of the Iron House. The king gave him in charge to nurses, and placed a great guard about the place, while he with his queen made the circuit of the whole city rightwise, and then wanting went up to his magnificent terrace. Meanwhile the she-goblin water to drink had been destroyed in trying to fetch some of the water of Vessavana. wisdom, In the iron house the Great Being grew up, and increased in and there also he was educated in all the sciences. The king asked his courtiers, " What is my son's age V ' They replied, " He is sixteen years old, my lord : a hero, mighty and strong, fit to master a thousand goblins ! " The king determined to place the kingdom in his son's hands. He had the city decorated, and gave order that the lad be brought to him out of the iron house. The courtiers obeyed all : in extent ; they Benares was decorated, that great city of twelve leagues state elephant in magnificent caparison, and drest the boy decked out the in his best, and placed him upon the elephant's back, saying, " My lord, make a circuit rightwise about the rejoicing city, your inheritance, and salute your father the King of Kasi; for this day you shall receive the J. IV. 306 The Jataka. Booh XV. White Umbrella." The Great Being made his ceremonial circuit rightwise, and seeing the beautiful parks, the beautiful colours, lakes, plots of ground, all the beautiful houses and so forth, [493] thought thus within himself " All this while my father has kept me close in prison, never let : me see this city so richly adorned. What fault can there be in me ? " He put this question to the courtiers. " My lord," they said, " there is no fault in you ; but a she-goblin devoured your two brothers, therefore your father made you live in an iron house, and the iron house has saved your life." These words made him think again, " For ten months I was in my mother's womb, as it might have been the Hell of the Iron Caldron or the Hell of Dung * ; and when I came forth from the womb, for sixteen years I dwelt in this prison, never a chance of looking outside. Though I have escaped the hands of the goblin I am neither free from old age nor death. What care I for royalty 1 Once established in the royal place it is hard for one to get away. This very day will I ask my father's leave to embrace the religious life, and I will go to Himalaya and do so.'' Accordingly after his procession about the city was over, he went to the king's palace, and saluted the king, and stood waiting. The king seeing his bodily beauty, looked at his courtiers with strong love in his eyes. " What do you wish us to do, Sire ? " they asked. " Take my son and put him on a pile of jewels, sprinkle him from the three conchs, uplift the White Umbrella with its festoons of gold." But the Great Being saluted his father, and said, " Father, I want nothing to do with royalty. I wish to embrace the religious life, and I crave your leave to do so." " Why would you leave your royalty, my son, and embrace the religious life?" — "My lord, for ten months I was in my mother's womb, as it were the Hell of Dung; once born, for fear of a goblin I dwelt sixteen years in a prison, with never a chance even of looking outside, — I seemed as it were cast into the Ussada hell. Now safe from the goblin I am neither safe from old age nor death, for death no man can conquer. I am weary of existence. Until disease, old age, death comes upon me I will follow the life of the religious, walking in righteousness. No kingdom for me My lord, grant your permission " Then he ! ! declared the Law to his father thus [494] "Life once conceived within the womb, no sooner has begun, Than on it goes continually, its course is never done 2 . 1 Guthanirayo. 2 The scholiast explaining this quotes the following lines: " First seed, then embryo, then shapeless flesh, Then something solid, out of whioh soon grow Thighs, hair on head and body, with the nails: Whatever food or drink the mother takes, The baby lives on, in his mother's womb." No. 510. 307 "No warlike prowess nor no mighty strength Can keep men from old age and death at length; All being plagued with birth and age I see : So I'm resolved a holy life for me. "Great kings by force and violence subdue Hosts of four arms *, terrific to the view ; Over death's host they win no victory : So I'm resolved a holy life for me. " Though horses, elephants,and cars, and men Surround them, some have yet got free again ; But from the hands of death no man gets free So I'm resolved a holy life for me. "With horses, elephants, and cars, and men, Heroes destroy and crush and crush again But to crush death no man so strong I see So I'm resolved a holy life for me. "Mad elephants in rut with oozing skjn Trample whole towns and slay the men within, To trample death no one so strong I see So I'm resolved — a holy life for me. "Archers who most strong-armed and skilful are, Wound like a flash of lightning from afar, But to wound death no man so strong I see: So I'm resolved a holy life for me. "Great lakes, their woods and rocks, to ruin fall, After a while ruin shall come to all, In time all brought to nothing they shall be So I'm resolved a holy life for me. "Like as a tree upon a river brink, Or as a drunkard sells his coat for drink 2 , Such is the life of those who mortals be: So I'm resolved a holy life for me." [495] "The body's elements dissolve—they fall Young, old, the middle-aged, men, women — all, Fall as the fruit falls from a shaken tree: So I'm resolved a holy life for me. "Man's prime unlike the queen whose reign is all Rules o'er the stars 3 it ne'er will come again. : For worn-out eld what joy or love can be? So I'm resolved— a holy life for me. "While ghost and sprite and horrid goblin can When angry breathe their poison-breath on man, Gainst death their poison-breath no help can be : So I'm resolved a holy life for me. " While ghost and sprite and horrid goblin can When angry, be appeased by deed of man, Work it with death, no softening knows he : So I'm resolved— a holy life for me. Horse, Foot, Chariots, Elephants. explained 2 The text is: "like a drunkard's cloth," but this cryptic utterance is thus by the scholiast. 3 The Moon. 308 The Jataka. Book XV. "Those who do crime, and wrong, and hurtful things, When known, are punished by the act of kings, But against death no punishment can be: So I'm resolved — a holy life for me. "Those who do crime, and wrong, and hurtful things Can find a way to stay the hand of kings, But how to stay death's hand no way can be : So I'm resolved —a holy life for me. " "Warriors or brahmins, men of high estate, Men of much wealth, the mighty and the great, King Death no pity has, no ruth has he : So I'm resolved a holy life for me. "Lions and tigers, panthers, seize their prey, And all devour it, struggle as it may; From fear of their devouring death is free: So I'm resolved —a holy life for me. " Upon the stage a juggler with his sleight Performing can deceive the people's sight, To cozen death, no trick so quick can be So I'm resolved a holy life for me. [496] "Serpents enraged will with envenomed bite Attack at once and kill a man outright; For death no fear of poison-bite can be: So I'm resolved a holy life for me. "Serpents enraged with venomed fangs may bite, The skilful leach can stay the poison's might; To cure death's bite no man so strong can be: So I'm resolved a holy life for me. "Physicians' skill could cure the serpent's bite; Now they are dead themselves and out of sight, Bhoga, VetaranI, Dhammantarl So I'm resolved a holy life for me. "Some who in spells and magic lore are wise Can walk invisible to other eyes, Yet not so invisible but death can see: So I'm resolved a holy life for me. "Safe is the man who walks in righteousness; Religion well observed has power to bless; Happy the righteous man and never he While he is righteous falls in misery 1 . " Is it not true, his proper fruit from right or wrong shall spring? Right leads to heaven, unrighteousness a man to hell must bring 2 ." [499] When the Great Being had thus declared the Law in twentyfour stanzas, he said, " great king keep your kingdom to yourself ; I ! want none of it. Even as I am talking with you, disease, old age, and death draw nearer to me. Stay where you are." Then, as a mad This stanza is given in the Introduction to the Jataka book, no. 224 (not in our translation): see Bhys Davids, Bitddhist Birth Stories, p. 34. Also in Dhammapada, p. 126, Theragatha 35. See Dhammapada, p. 90 in Fausboll's Commentary, 1. 3. No. 510. 309 elephant might burst his steel chains, as a young lion might break out of a golden cage, he burst his carnal desires ; and saluting his " parents, he departed. Then his father said, " I want not the Kingdom ! and leaving it went with him. When he was gone, the queen and and everyone else who dwelt in the courtiers, brahmins, householders, city, left their houses and went away. There was a great concourse the crowd covered twelve leagues. With this crowd he set out for Himalaya. When Sakka perceived that he had departed, he sent Vissakamma to make a hermitage twelve leagues long and seven wide, and bade him put within it all things requisite for the ascetic life. How the Great Being proceeded to admit these into the Brotherhood, and admonished them, and how they became destined for Brahma's world, or entered upon the Third Path, all must be repeated again as before. This discourse ended, the Master said : " Thus, Brethren, the Tathagata has made the Great Renunciation before " ; after which he identified the Birth : "At that time the king's parents were the mother and father, the Buddha's followers were their followers, and I was myself the Wise Ayoghara." a!£ n&xaipav, parallel to 153,159 Caste village 237, 244 Accomplishments, the eighteen 33 Castes 191 Act of truth 19, 90, 215, 255 ,, their order 127 Age of men ten thousand years 68 Catalogue of royal treasures 149 Allegory 57 Ceremonies for a prince 203 Alms 151, 214, 238 Chariot of Sakka 224 Almshalls 9, 40, 109, 224, 251 Charm for fruit growing 124 Amuck, running 292 ,, to command all things of sense Animals, kindness to 112, 165 283 Archery extraordinary 94, 132 Charms in medicine 19 Ascetic practices, thirteen 6 Chief disciples, the two 9, 99, 153, 169, Ascetic, sham 218 179 Aspirations 171 Cloth of Benares 222 Attainments 5, 6, 16, 143, 151, 153, 207, Cobbler cuts his shoe according to the 235, 236, 242, 263 skin 108 Austerities of Buddha 32 Cock, whose flesh being eaten made a man to become king 24 Barber's gift 87 Commander of the Faith, 166, 232 Baskets, the Three 22 Conception, miraculous 237 Bath-money 216 Conch, precious kind of 220 Benares cloth 222 Consecration of a king, ceremonial of 220 Beneficence, four sorts 110 Continence in wedlock 67 Black skin and white heart 6 Coral 89, 288 Blind adviser 94 „ Tree, the Great 168 Boon 7, 61, 79, 95, 165, 201, 254 Coronation hymn 246 Boons of Visakha 198 Courtesans said to be married to trees Bo-tree worship 142 294 Brahmin caste 127, 128 Cow of plenty 12 „ the true 190 Crier of the Truth 167 Brahmins forbidden to trade 229 Crocodile in a tea-cup 103 „ of ten kinds 227 Cry of capture, deer's 258 Breath of serpents deadly 283 Curse, Buddhist 194, 195 Bribery 95 Cycles of time 231 Bridge in Cob, legend of 155 ,, of Arta, legend of 155 Danae, parallel to 50 Buddha, Devadatta's attempt to murder Dance done with half the body 204 him 275, his foot hurt by Devadatta Dances of snakes 284 267 Deer and arrows 170 Buddha, epochs of his existence 179 „ preaching the law 258, 261 Burmese recension 262 Defilement of the sanctified 290 Deities protect the good 11 Cambodian mules 287 Deity of tree 97 Candala caste 235 Demons 100 „ dialect 245 Desire determines the next birth 282 „ village 244 Desires 108 Candalas, meanest men on earth, 248 Dreams 162, 258 Captain of the faith 95, 169, 253 Drinking festival 73 Carpenters' town 99 Dung-hill 306 Caste 229, 243 ,, tokens of 145 Ecstasy, mystic 246, 250, 280, 303 Eight attainments 236, 242, 263 Goblin 4, 52, 53, 68, 72, 100, 154, 221, ,, conditions of the world 78 240, 273, 305 „ necessaries 215 Goblin afraid of iron 305 Eightfold sabbath vows 200 „ „ a palm-leaf 305 Elders, five 111 Gods grow not old 69 Elephant festival 61 Gold country, the 10 Elijah, a parallel to his taunts of Baal Golden pavement, house of the 71 182 „ deer 257 Elixir of immortality 242 ,, peacock 212 Embryo, growth of 306 Gold plate inscribed 5, 163, 212, 302 Enmity, signs of 122 Gong 193 Epochs of the Buddha's existence 179 Good help the good 185 Evil-doing, ten paths of 112 Greed 223 Excellences, the 16, 49, 109, 152 Ground all golden in India 290 Existence, three kinds of 192 Guilds 27 ,, uttermost verge of 215 Existing things, three properties of 215 Half-body dance 204 Eye, miraculously given 255 Hundred-eyed Sakka 202 „ of omniscience 254 Hare in the moon 54, 55 Heaven 111, 263, 271 Hell 64, 65, 98, 208, 249, 253, 287, 308, Faculties 5, 6, 16, 22, 75, 150, 233, 236, see also Avici, Ussada 242, 246, 280 Hell, lotus 154 Fairies and their ways 179, 272 „ of dung 306 Fairyland 88 ,, of the iron cauldron 306 Fast-day of the full moon (fifteenth day) Heretics 116, 167 64, 145, 200 Holy-day 110, 285 Fast-day, the holy 11, 208, 282 Holy-day vows 229 „ vows 223, 229, 281, 288 Hooghly Bridge 155 Fifteenth day fast-day 145, 200 Hot ashes rained from heaven 244 Figwood chair used in the consecration of Hounds 272 kings 220 Human sacrifice at foundation of a build- Fire, discourse on 111 ing 155 „ penance 189 Hunters' village 257 Five points of preeminence 62 ,, spray garland 97 Immortality, elixir of 242 „ Transcendent Faculties 233, 236, 242 gained by eating the flesh ,, „ virtues 110, 170, 224, 227, 261 of a golden bird 212 „ weapons 100, 180 Impaling 18 Folk-tale elements 144 Impermanence of all things 81, 132, 135 Food of ascetics 234 Incomparable gift 227, 250 „ when to be sought by the Brethren Ingratitude 161 214 Iron cauldron hell 306 Foundation sacrifice 155 house terrible to goblins 305 ,, Four arms in a host 80, 307 „ kinds of beneficence 110 Jessamine Bride 271 „ disciples 205 „ Jewels the Buddha, the Law, and the : supernatural faculties 75 ,, Order 232 Friendship 165 Jonah, parallel to the story of 2 signs of 123 ,, Joseph and Potiphar's wife, parallel to Full moon fast-day 64 117 Judgement hall 76 Garland of red flowers put about a con- Jugglers 204, 308 demned man's neck 119 Juggler's trick of cutting a man piece- Gates, the three 8 meal 204 Geese enclosed in a spider's net, story of, 300 King of the Faith 37 Gift incomparable 250 „ of the gods 168 Gifts 149, 250 Kingdom destroyed from heaven 244 „ rewarded 10 King's consecration 220 „ to the Brethren 153 „ what makes them precious 42, 91 Laugh, prince who could not 204 Gift-water 231 Leaf, writing on 35 Goat finds the knife which is to kill her Lent 168 (see also Fast) 158 Life given without the natural course 132 Life length of 200 Prostration, full ceremony of 231 „ token 283 Proverbs 169, 190 „ the result of good living 34 Pun 160 Lords of the earth, four 294 Lotus battle 216 Bace with the sun 133 „ fibres as food 193 Bazor-adze 295 „ hell, 154 ,, wheel, 1, 3 Love arises from flowers which the lady Bed flowers on a condemned man 119 drops into a river 144 Befectory, 91 Lucky house-timbers 155 Eefuges, the 11, 112, 183, 221 ,, marks 82, 99 Belease 189 „ stars 155 Eenunciation 8, 257, 260, 264, 293, 303 „ tree 97 „ the great 75, 304, 309 Best-house 93 Magic city 53 Bice-culture, methods of 104 Malarial fever 124 Bighteousness better than Vedas 190 Marriage, how to arrange 183 Bight-wise procession 62, 65, 82, 220, ,, with trees 294 305, 306 Matchmakers 229 Bobbers' scruples 72 Meanest of men, Candalas 248 Boc birds, see Garula Merit, see Karma Boyal virtues, ten 96, 121, 251 Military tactics 216 Boyalty, five emblems of 80, 95 Milk-money, tribute on the birth of a prince 203 Sabbath vows (see Past-day) 200, 205, 208 Miracles 10, 72, 73, 109, 143, 145, 166, Sainthood 75, 83, 111, 140, 216 198, 203, 208 Sakka teaches a lesson to the greedy 106 Mongoose-tamer 244 ,, tests virtue 251 Moon, the 38, 40 Salvation not won by asceticism alone, Murder the Buddha, Devadatta's attempt 242 to 35 Scape-goat; how men act the scape-goat Mystic science 140 for a king's sins 230 Self-sacrifice 256 Naked savages 269 Serpent charmers 283 Nature myth 51, 180 „ king 120 Necessary things 215 „ shape put on and off 282 Nirvana 75, 112, 142, 151, 190, 191, 215, Serpents 223, 281 280, 296 Seven precious things 75, 168, 221, 262, Noose, for trapping 259, 265 288 Shadow on the south never grows 266 Omens 46, 236, 295 Sham ascetic 218 „ of sight 245 Ship, magic 12 Orders, holy 22, 112 Shrines 142 Owl clan 175 Simples in surgery 253 Sins, the five 5 Palm-leaf, to frighten goblins 305 ,, transferred 230 Parables 139 Snare for birds 176 Parents, care for 260 Sounds, proverbial loud 113 Passion, to quench 55 Spike-bed penance 189 Paths, the 1, 4, 13, 16, 22, 31, 35, 37, 39, Spirits that guard a city 155 46, 47, 57, 61, 70, 75, 78, 82, 86, Sprinkling, ceremonial 82, 94, 203, 220, 105, 112, 154, 168, 178, 183, 197, 216, 237 223, 227, 249, 292, 293, 309 Sprinkling, water for, where obtained 94 Paths' of Virtue, Ten 32 Squatting penance 189 Pedigree hounds, 272 Stairway from heaven to earth 168 Penances of the ascetics, 189 Stand in the house and not find the Perfection 303 granary 169 Perfections of the Bodhisatta, ten 266 StarB, lucky conjunction of 155, 160 Petty sins 71 States of existence, three 301 Pilgrimage 112, 142 „ of suffering 112 Plowing festival 104 Sun, the 38, 40 Plow used as magical antidote 53 Surgery 253 Poison, charms to extract 20 Sweeping, art of 244 Potiphar's wife 117 Swinging penance 189 Prayer in the throes of death 52, 56, 304 Problems solved 168, 169 Tokens of parentage 190 Tale and introduction disagree 218 Tumblers 197, 204 Taunting the gods, as a means of making Twenty-one unlawful ways of earning a them hear 182 living 112 Ten paths of evil-doing 64, 112 ,, ,, of right-doing 65 ,, prudent things 110 Umbrella, white, token of royalty 80, 83, „ Eoyal Virtues 96, 121, 165, 232, 251 84, 108, 203, 246, 251, 297, 298, 300, Theseus, parallel to his story 144 306 Thieves' cliff (for execution) 119 Ungrateful son 28 Three kinds of existence 76, 192, 301 Universal monarch 75 „ properties of existing things 215 Unkempt holy men 296 Threefold course of right 64 Unlawful ways of earning a living, twenty- Throne of Sakka grows hot 6, 117, 150, one 112 182, 203, 254 Throne of Sakka tremhles by a man's great virtue 193 Vedas, the three 33 Throne of Sakka, yellowstone 6, 168 Virtue better than safety 59 Thunderbolt charms 288 Virtues, the five 44, 110, 170, 221 Titan 285, 304 ten royal 121, 251 Toddy 101 „ ten perfect 207 Tokens of parentage, 144 the 112, 173, 183 Tooth-twigs 27. 243 Vision, supernatural 56, 172, 254 Tradition in families 34, 41 Trance, mystic 83, 108, 124, 137, 150, 207, 304 Waggon battle 216 Transcendent knowledge 137 Warrior caste 179 Transcendental doctrine 168 Washermen's street 52 Treasures of a cakkavatti 145 Watchmen 17 Treasurer of the Law (Ananda) 232 Water of gift 231, 233 royal 27 Water penance 189 Tree deity 129, 194, 221, 294 Waxing and waning age 146 „ haunted by dragons 221 Weapons, five kinds of 100 „ marriage of courtesans 294 Wheel battle 216 „ of empire 145 „ sacred 97 Trees as the source of offspring 294 „ of the law 111 Triple folds on the neck a sign of luck 82 „ weapon 52 Truth absolute 256 White umbrella, see Umbrella Truths, the 13, 16, 22, 31, 35, 39, 46, 57, Worldliness 278 61, 70, 75, 82, 86, 136, 178, 197, 216, Wrestlers 52 223, 227, 282, 293 INDEX OF NAMES AND PALI WORDS. Abhabbatthanu 62 Baka Brahma 112 Abhidhamma 137 Bala-deva 51 Aeiravati river 104, 105 Bamboo grove (Veluvana) 22, 35, 161, Adhamma, a name 64 257, 264 Aggi-deva 51 Bandhula 93 Aggimala sea, blazing like fire, where was Banyan grove 32, 179 gold 88 „ park 4" Ahidlpa, the Isle of Snakes, 150 Benares 5, 9, 14, 15, 17, 24, 25, 28, 32, Ariga, king and kingdom 281 38, 40, 41, 45, 48, 58, 62, 71, 75, 78, Ajapala 295 82, 83, 93, 96, 105, 107, 109, 117, Ajatasattu 216 120, 122, 124, 125, 129, 132, 133, Ajjuna 51 134, 137, 140, 149, 155, 157, 158, Akitti, a brahmin 149 159, 161, 162, 163, 165, 169, 171, Akitti's gate and quay in Benares 149 179, 180, 183, 188, 192, 199, 200, Alavaka 112 210, 217, 222, 232, 234, 235, 237, Ambattha caste 229 257, 264, 272, 274, 284, 290, 291, Arbkura 51 293, 294, 297, 301, 302, 303, 304 Anagami 154 Benares, old names of: Brahmavaddhara 75 Ananda 4, 8, 13, 16, 22, 27, 37, 44, 57, Molini 9, 12, 13 61, 62, 64, 71, 78, 82, 98, 99, 115, Pupphavati 76 121, 123, 129, 136, 142, 143, 148, Sudassana 75 166, 167, 174, 178, 183, 191, 197, Surundhana 75 205, 227, 231, 232, 234, 250, 256, Bhaddakapitanl 304 257, 263, 264, 267 Bhaddaji 205 Anatha-pindika 91, 117, 142, 143 Bhaggiri 304 Anattalakkhana scriptures 111 Bhallatiya, king 272 Angulimala 112 Bhandakucchi 239 Andhakavenhu, a servitor 51 Bhandukanna, a juggler 204 Anitthigandha, prince 291 Bharadvaja 235 Anotatta lake 133, 238 Bharata, prince 79 Anoma river 75 Bharu, king 86 Anuruddha 8, 152, 182, 197, 210, 227, kingdom 86 ,, 256, 304 Bharukaccha, seaport in Bharu 86 Apada 83 Bhoga, a physician 308 Aritthapura city 250 Bhutva, used of time 173 Asitanjana city 50 Bilarikosiya 42 Assapala 295 Biinbisara, king 167, 216 Asuras 85 Blessed One 9, 47, 61, 66, 71, 99, 168, Afijana, lady 51 198, 304 Avadana Qataka referred to 1, 32, 250 Bodhikumara 14 Avanti, king 244 Bodhisatta 5, 6, 8, 10, 14, 15, 22, 36, 47, „ kingdom 244 49, 58, 61, 64, 67, 70, 77, 83, 84, 86, Avici hell 90, 99, 124 90, 108, 109, 117, 118, 121, 122, 133, Avidurenidanam 179 135, 137, 138, 140, 149, 155, 163, Ayoghara, prince 305 169, 176, 188, 192, 194, 196, 197, the Wise 304 205, 210, 212, 215, 231, 257, 259, Ayojjba, city 52 260, 262, 277, 282 Bo-tree, the great 146 Eahuputtaka, king 264 Brahma 236, 237 Brahma's heaven or world 5, 8, 14, 22, Dasaratha, king 78 47, 49, 67, 75, 78, 109, 112, 152, 197, Datta, = Mantidatta 216 210, 236, 244, 250, 263, 280, 291, Devadatta 22, 27, 35, 37, 64, 66, 98, 99, 304, 309 121, 124, 129, 161, 166, 221, 104, Brahma 168 267, 268, 271, 275, 280, 290 Brahma, a 112 Devadatta swallowed up in the earth 64 Brahma angel 154 Devagabbha, princess 50 Brahmadatta 5, 9, 14, 28, 32, 38, 40, 45, Dhamma, a name 64 58, 62, 71, 83, 96, 105, 109, 117, 122, Dhammacetiya Sutta, referred to 95 125, 129, 132, 137, 140, 149, 155, Dhammagutta, Elder 304 161, 169, 179, 183, 188, 192, 199, Dhammantari, a physician 308 210, 232, 235, 257, 304 Dhammapada, referred to 35, 37, 39, 91, Brahmavaddhana, old name of Benares 75 94, 99, 116, 119, 198, 250, 304, 308 Brahmin 191 Dhammapala 32 Buddha 7, 9, 13, 17, 22, 32, 35, 37, 48, Dhanapala, the subduing of 257 49, 57, 62, 66, 71, 75, 86, 90, 98, 99, Dhanuggahatissa, Elder 216 104, 109, 111, 112, 116, 117, 132, Dhatarattha 265 136, 137, 146, 147, 148, 167, 168, Dhava tree 129 169, 172, 178, 183, 188, 192, 194, Dibbacakkhuka, an ascetic 277 198, 207, 226, 227, 231, 232, 235, Dighakarayana 95 253, 256, 263, 304, 309 Dipayana 17 Buddhist Birth Stories referred to 35, Ditthamangalika, 235 179, 308 Diirenidanam 179 Buddha Kassapa 1, 112 Dvaravatl city 53 Buddhist Suttas, cited 145 Biihler, Rituallitteratur, cited 203 Eastern Park, the 198 Burnouf, Introduction, cited 154 Emendations suggested, and remarks on * the text 8, 9, 12, 13, 63, 67, 74, 83, Cakkadaha 145 96, 101, 106, 117, 118, 119, 135, 140, Cakkavatti 145 148, 155, 160, 162, 163, 167, 178, Campa, river 281 186, 187, 202, 204, 219, 222, 233, 237, 238, 243, 244, 247, 252, 253, Campeyya, Campeyyaka, a serpent king 256, 258, 262, 263, 273, 286, 291, 281, 286 Canda, a fairy name 180 294 Canda, the Moon 40 Esukarl, King of Benares 293 Canda-deva, 51 Candala caste 124, 127, 191, 243 Eausbij.ll, cited 252, 286, 291 Candapabbata, the Mountain of the Moon „ Ten Jatakas, cited 210 180 Feer, referred to 250 Candorana, Mount 58, 60 Fick, Sociale Gliederung, referred to 61, Canura, a wrestler 52 127, 128, 189, 227, 230 Cariya-pitaka, referred to 17, 19, 250, Folk-Lore, cited 155 253 Fortune-telling 144 Catussada 263 Fragrant Hill 182 Ceylon, 304 Channa 75, 178, 263, 267 Gabbhaparihara 23 Cificamanavika 116 Ganda, a gardener 167 Citta or Cittakiita, Mount 197, 132, 244, Gandhabba 159 264 Gandhabba, celestial musician 40 Cittamiga, Dapple Deer 257 Gandhamadana, Mount 10, 182, 272 Clouston, Popular Tales, cited 144 Gandhara 63 Crooke, Folk-lore of N. India, cited 155 Ganges 140, 144, 162, 200, 272, 297, 299, Culasutasoma 304 303 Culla-Kalinga, prince 144 Ganges, heavenly 263 Garbharaksana 203 „ vagga, cited 166 Cunda 61 Garula bird (roc) 112, 126, 287 Gatis, the five 1 Gayasisa, 111 Dadhimala sea, milk-white, where silver Ghatapandita 51 was 89 Dalhadhamma-suttanta, alluded to 132 Gopala 295 Damila kingdom 150 Gotama 22, 104, 105, 116, 124, 167, 233 Goraddhamana, a village 51 Dantapura city 143 Great Being, the 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 22, Dasabala 22, 35, 75, 86, 94, 99, 106, 109, 168, 183, 198, 232, 25, 48, 49, 69, 74, 82, 88, 89, 90, 108, 116, 117, 139, 111, 118, 120, 121, 122, 125, 133, 250, 257 316 Index of Names and Pali Words. 134, 136, 138, 141, 142, 149, 150, Jatakas referred to in the notes : 156, 157, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, Sigala 205 165, 166, 167, 171, 177, 178, 179, Siri 24 180, 181, 182, 195, 196, 197, 209, Siviraja 250 212, 214, 225, 226, 231, 235, 236, Vaddhakisukara 216 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, Vida'bbha 72 244, 249, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, Jatakas referred to in text : 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, Ananusoeiya 13 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 271, 278, Cullapalobhana 291 279, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, Sankhapala 283 287, 288, 290, 291, 305, 306, 308 Bhuridatta 283 Griersou, Bihar Peasant Life, referred to Mahahamsa 264 117 Mora 258 Grimm cited 205 Cullahamsa 257 Mahaummagga 257, 293 Hall of Truth 22, 35, 40, 47, 62, 64, 75, Gijjha (not by name) 1 86, 96, 99, 111, 117, 124, 132, 139, Sovlra 250 143, 154, 161, 169, 183, 198, 205, Sueira 227 217, 227, 232, 257, 264 Mahapanada 204 Highland Tales referred to 6 Eusa 192 Hardy's Manual or Monachism referred Vassantara 179 to 41, 76, 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 99, 104, Mahadhammapala 179 111, 112, 116, 140, 142, 145, 154, Ummagga 46, 115 198, 267, 271, 295 Candakmnara 179 Hatthipala 295, 304 Apannaka 179 Himalaya 5, 14, 16, 17, 47, 48, 49, 58, Sama 175 71, 74, 78, 79, 109, 120, 129, 137, Eunala 129 159, 176, 179, 180, 181, 182, 188, Sudhabhojana 115 193, 207, 208, 211, 230, 231, 233, Yuvafijana 76 234, 236, 238, 242, 244, 246, 249, Pupphavati 76 257, 263, 272, 274, 275, 276, 278, Sonandana 76 280, 296, 302, 306, 309 Cuilasutasoma 75 Udaya 75 Indapatta city 227 Eusa 17, 66 India 219, 263 Mahakanha 113 Bhuridatta 113 Isa 131 Eunala 91 Katthahari 93 Janasandha, prince 109 Punnaka 9, 113 Jara (old age) 57 Sama 58 Jataka-Mala, referred to 250 Matthakundali 50 Jatakas referred to in the notes Mahajanaka 25 Abbhantara 204 Jatakas translated in this book :- Aditta 227, 250 Akitta 148 Ananusoeiya 13 Amba 125 Anusociya 66 Ayoghara 304 Bakabrahma 412 Bhaddasala 91 Cakkavaka 44 Bhallatiya 271 Sibi 250 Bhikkhaparampara 232 iita 135 Bhisa 192 Haliddiraga 138 Bhuripafiha 46 Jayaddisa 166, 267 Bilarikosiya 40 Javanahamsa 135 Cakkavaka 44 Eacchapa 124 Campeyya 281 Ealabahu 81 Candakmnara 179 Eamanlta 104 Catudvara 1 Ehantivadi 40, 149 „ posathika 9 Eotisimbali 71 Cittasambhuta 244 Mittavindaka 1 Cullabodhi 13 Mora 210 Cullanarada 136 Naoca 131 Cullakunala 91 Bajovada 232 Dasabrahmana 227 Samgavacara 140 Dasaratha 78 Sasa 55 Dhamma 64 Setaketu 188 Dtita 139 Index of Names and Pali Words. 317 Jatakas translated in this book :— Junha, prince 62 Ghata 50 Haihsa 264 Kamaa, prince 50 Janasandha 109 „ district 50 Javanahamsa 132 Kajafigala cloister 196 Junha 61 Kali, Kalika, a courtesan 157 Kalingabodhi 142 Kalinga, king 143 Kama 104 „ kingdom 143 Kanha Khalingabharadvaja 145 Kanhadipayana 17 Kaludayi 197 Kosiya 115 Kalasena, king of Ayojjha 52 Kukkuta 35 Ealavallimandapa 304 Mahadhammapala 32 Kainasutta referred to 105 Mahakanha 111 Kanavera flower 119 Mahamangala 46 Kail c ana -devl, a brahmin maid 192 Mahamora 210 Kanha, a sage 4 Mahapaduma 116 Kanha-dipayana, a sage 18, 53 Mahapalobhana 290 Kanthaka, Buddha's horse 75 Mahaukkusa 183 Kapilapura 32, 199 Mahavanija 221 Kapilavatthu 4, 92, 179 Matanga 235 Kara, an island 150 Matiposaka 58 ,, leaves 149 Mattakundali 37 Karandaka monastery 61 Menclaka 115 KfliVififl 1 \ fi Mittamitta 122 Karma 3, 18, 34, 99, 101, 151, 214, 225, Nigrodha 22 238, 247, 248, 282 Pancapandita 293 Kasi, king 67 Paficuposatha 205 „ king of 286, 288, 291, 305 Paniya 71 „ kingdom 14, 17, 28, 32, 60, 62, 64, Phandana 129 67, 70, 71, 72, 140, 141, 216, 233, Bohantamiga 257 237, 295 Burn 161 Kasina 108 Sadhina 223 Kassapa 44, 138, 151, 197, 210, 304 Salikedara 175 Buddha 1, 112 Samkha 9 ,, converted by Buddha 179 Samuddavanija 98 Katakandhakara 304 Samvara 82 Kattha-vahana, king of Benares 93 Sarabhamiga 166 Kavlrapattana 150 Sattigumba 267 Kelasa, Mount 146 Sirimanda 257 Kesava 54 Sivi 250 Khattiya 92, 191 Somanassa 275 caste 127, 145 Supparaka 86 Khema, lake 264 Suruci 198 „ queen 162 Tacchasukara 216 „ „ of Benares 211 Takkala 27 „ „ of Brahmadatta 257, 264 Takkariya 153 Khujjuttara 197 Udaya 66 Khuramala sea, where diamonds are Uddalaka 188 found, and monstrous fish 88 Yuvafijaya 75 Kinnara 159, 179 Jatimanta, a brahmin 242 Kokalika 104, 153, 161 Jetavana 1, 9, 13, 17, 27, 37, 40, 44, 46, Konda 244 50, 58, 61, 64, 71, 75, 78, 82, 83, 86, Koravya, king 227 91, 96, 98, 99, 105, 109, 111, 116, Kosala 109, 110 122, 124, 132, 136, 139, 142, 148, „ city 99 153, 154, 166, 175, 183, 188, 192, „ king of 91, 117, 122, 216, 227, 275 198, 205, 210, 216, 221, 223, 227, „ kingdom 83 232, 235, 244, 250, 271, 275, 281, Kosambi city 17, 36, 246 290, 293 „ park 235 Jetavana lake 99 Kosambaka, king 36 Jivaka 268 Kosambika, king 17 Journal Atiatique cited 153 Kosiya 177 Journal of the Pali Text Society referred Kosiyagotta, a brahmin 175 to 112, 189 Kuddala 304 Juangs of Orissa 269 Kuru kingdom 227, 275, 279 Kusinara 93 Moon and Eahu 209 „ Mountain of the, 180 Lakkhana, prince 79 Mugapakkha 304 Lai Betiari Day, Folk Tales of Bengal, Miitam 47 cited 144 Mutthika, a wrestler 52 Latthivana, the bamboo forest 179 Licchavi clan 94 Naga, an island 150 Life of Buddha referred to 35 Nagamunda, a slave woman 92 Nagasamala, elder 61 Madda, kingdom 144 Nagita 61 Maddakucchi, deer park 267 Nahutam 108 Madhura 50 Nalakara, a god 200 Madhuvasettha 197 Nalamala sea, red in colour, where coral Magadha 23 was 89 king 175, 281 Nanda, Buddha's half-brother 140 „ kingdom 205, 281 „ hill 71, 72, 73, 216, 230, 233 Maghava 252 Nandagopa, a serving woman 50 Mahadhanaka 161 Narada 139 Mahadeva, elder 304 „ king 226 Mahagovinda- Sutta referred to 227 Nerbuddha river 246 Mahakamsa, king 50 Neranjara river 246 Maha-Kalinga, prince 144 Nidanakatha, 179 ,, Kancana, a rich brahmin 192 Nigrodhakumara 24 ,, Kappina 112 Nuavannakusamala sea, green in colour, „ Kassapa 112 where emeralds were found 89 „ „ elder 244 North Indian Notes and Queries cited 144 ,, Kosala king 216 Mahali, a blind counsellor 94 Oldenberg, Buddha, cited 189 Mahamaya 61, 82, 280, 304 ,, Religion des Veda, cited 230 Maha-mangala-sutta quoted 46 Mahanaga, elder 304 Pacceka Bodhisatta 215 Mahanama 92 „ Buddha 9, 10, 12, 62, 71, 72, 73, Mahapanada, prince 203 74, 75, 200, 201, 207, 208, 209, 210, Maharakkhita, an ascetic 275 215, 231, 233, 234, 242 Mahasagara, king of Madhura 50 Padaparama 83 Mahasamgharakkhita 304 Paduma, prince 117 Mahasiva, elder 304 Pahata = pahina 243 Mahavagga cited 173, 198 Pajjuna 51 Mahavastu referred to 32 Pancala 248 Mala kingdom 207 „ king 268 Malata 209 Pancasikha, a gandhabba 40 Malimahadeva, elder 304 Paflcatl, queen 301 Mallarhgiri hill 273 Pandaraka hill 273 Mallians 94 Pandukanna, a juggler 204 Mallika, the Jessamine Bride 93, 271 Parileyya i97 Mandavya 17 Pasenadi, king 216 ,, prince 238 „ king, and the beggar maid 271 Manimekhala, a deity 11 Passehi=phassehi 279 Manosila, district of Himalaya 238 Passow, Carmina Graeca Popularia, cited Mantidatta, elder 216 155 Marco Polo cited 204 Patiharayapakkha 202 Matanga 235 Patikolamba, a cook 268 Matali the charioteer of Sakka 40, 113, Patimokkha 82 224 Patuas of Orissa 269 Meghiya 61 Pausanias cited 144 Mejjha, kingdom 242 Pavala 89 Meru, Mount 286 Phandana tree 129 Migara'a mother 198 Phussadeva, Elder 304 Milinda, questions of, cited 8, 145, 250 Pindola-bharadvaja, his miracle 166 Mittagandhaka, a lay brother 183 Po'ttika 23 Mittavindaka 1 Pukkusa caste 112, 127, 191 Mithila 198, 224 Purina 197 MolinI, old name of Benares 9, 12, 13 Funriaka, king 113 Moggallana 44, 136, 143, 154, 168, 185, Puppha, Pupphaka, a parrot 268, 270 197, 210, 304 PupphavatI, old name of Benares 76 Puran Mai, legend of, referred to 117 Sivaka, a surgeon 252 Sivi, king 250 Rahu 209 ,, kingdom 250 Rahula 22, 185 ,, prince 250 „ Elder 99 Sleeman, Rambles, referred to 104 Rahula's mother 16, 46, 70, 75, 82, 179, Somanassa, prince 277 182, 290 Sucandaka, a palace 82 Rajagaha eity 23, 46, 166, 175 Sudda caste 127, 191 Rakkhita-Kumara 47 Sudassana, old name of Benares 75 Ramma, old name of Benares 75; Ram- ,, king 113 maka 77 Suddhodhana, king 32, 82, 304 Rama-pandita, prince 79 Sudhamma, queen 280 Ramayana referred to 78, 82 Suidas cited 159 Renu, king 275 Sujampati 252 Rhys Davids cited 179, 308 Sumedha, daughter of Brahmadatta 199 „ „ and Oldenberg, Mahavagga, Sumukha, a goose 264 cited 198 Sunakkbata 61 Robertson Smith, Religion of the Semites, Supparaka 87 cited 155 Sutana, a deer 257 Rohanta, a deer 257 Sutta-nipata referred to 95, 105, 110, 114, „ a lake 257 196 Rohinl river 129 Sumana, a serpent 282 Rohineyya, a courtier 54 Suriya-deva 51 Ruci, king (= Suruci) 201 „ the sun 40 Rup and Basant, story of, referred to 117 Suruci, king 198 „ prince 198 Sabbadatta, king of Ramma 75 Surundhana city 67, 70; old name of Sadhina, king 224 Benares 75 Sagala 61 Suyama 168 Sagala city 144 Sagara, prince 50 Takkariya 155 Sahampati 154 Takkasila 5, 14, 24, 32, 35, 47, 62, 63, Sakiya clan 263, 267 see Sakya ; 107, 109, 124, 126, 140, 192, 198, Sakka 4, 6, 7, 8, 40, 41, 43, 44, 47, 67, 68, 199, 245, 251, 283 85, 106, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 150, Tarati 76 151, 152, 168, 172, 173, 174, 182, Tathagata 4, 9, 47, 64, 71, 75, 78, 83, 86, 193, 194, 196, 200, 201, 202, 203, 90, 93, 94, 96, 98, 99, 117, 122, 140, 204, 224, 225, 251, 254, 255, 256, 142, 143, 179, 183, 198, 201, 221, 282, 295, 303, 308 232, 235, 256, 267, 271, 275, 293, Sakka alarmed by great virtue in a human 304, 309 being 150 Tepitaka 137 Sakka in disguise (see Black-Hound) 151 Ther'agatha 308 Sakya clan 91, 99, 167 ; see Sakiya „ cited 204 Salindiya, a village of brahmins 175 „ referred to 35 Sallasutta quoted 95 Thirty-Three, heaven of the 40, 44, 67, Sambhuta 244 70, 106, 112, 148, 168, 225, 226, 227, Saihkatadhamma 169 277, 294, 295 Samvara, prince 83 Three Baskets 161 Samyutta-Nikaya referred to 296, 302 Tikiita hill 273 Samkassa city 168 Titans 219 Sankha, a brahmin 9 Tokens of parentage 144 Santikenidanam 179 Toy Cart referred to 119 Sariputta 22, 35, 44, 49, 57, 61, 86, 104, Tudu- Brahma, a spiritual teacher 154 121, 136, 142, 154, 168, 169, 174, Tundila 157 185, 197, 210, 223, 232, 234, 253, 263, 267, 280, .290, 304 Udayabhadda, prince 67 Satagira 197 Udayabhadda, princess 67 Sattigumba, a parrot 268 Uddalaka, named after the uddala tree Savatthi 9, 37, 71, 78, 82, 91, 94, 96, 99, 188 104, 105, 116, 124, 136, 142, 148, Udena, king 235 167, 169, 183, 198, 221 Uggasena; king 284 Sept Suttas Palis referred to 17 UjjenI city 244 Siddhattha, prince 32, 207 Ujjhanakammam 182 Sineru, Mount 168, 210 Upajjhaya 239 Sita, princess 79 Upajotiya 239 Upakamsa, prince 50 Vesali city, where kings get the water for Upa-Kancana, a brahmin youth 192 ceremonial sprinkling 94 Upali 168 Vessa caste 127, 191, 229 Uparimandalakamalaya 304 Vessavana, water of 305 Upasagara, prince 50 Vessavana's mango 204 Upavana 61 VetaranI, a physician 308 Uposatha, an elephant breed 145 Vetayam, river of death 173 „ prince 84 Vettavati city and river 242 Uppalavanna 13, 197, 263 Videha, king of Kasi 60 Uruvela, a place 111, 179 kingdom 201, 224 Uslnara, king 112 Vidhiira 227 Ussada hell 3, 263, 306 Vidfidabha 92 Uttarapaficala city 268, 275 Vinaya 137 king of 246 Virtues, five 261 Uttarapatha 50 Visakha, the great lay sister 22, 91, 117, 143, 198, 205 Vishnu Purana referred to 120 Vajira, princess 217 Vissakamma, the celestial architect 168, Vajjhamala 119 203, 280, 303, 309 Vajabhamukha sea, like a great pit, terrific 89 Warren, Buddhism in Translations, cited Vallabha 92 140, 179, 198 Vamantapabbhara 304 Westergaard's Catalogue referred to 9 Vamsa, kingdom of 17 Varuna-deva 51 Vasabhakhattiya, a half-caste 92 Yama, king of death 173, 253 Vasava (Sakka and Indra) 151, 173, 195, Yarns world or heaven 295 Yafina-datta 19 197, 225 Yuddhitthila 227 Vasitthaka 28 prince 77 Vasu-deva 51 ,, Valaha, breed of horses 145 Yugandhara, Mount 133, 168 YasavatI, a brahmin girl 149 Vedantaparibhasha referred to 104 Yuvafijana, prince 76 Vedas 33, 190, 238, 296 Vejayanta, palace of Sakka 224 Veluriyam 89 Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlcmdischen Yeluvana, see Bamboo Grove Gesellschaft cited 153 Vepulla 145 Zenobius cited 159 CAMBRIDGE '. 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